农药助剂对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的急性毒性

为评价农药助剂对土壤生物的毒性效应,分别采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了不同类别农药助剂对赤子爱胜蚓(Eis enia foetida)的急性毒性.结果表明:19种非离子表面活性剂中,烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚毒性较高,滤纸法48 h-LC50为7.630 ～ 39.65μg·cm-2,人工土壤法14 d-LC50为876.5 ～2 786.6 mg· kg-1,其它类型非离子表面活性剂毒性较低.5种阴离子表面活性剂中,十二烷基硫酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钙毒性高于木质素磺酸钠、木质素磺酸钙、亚甲基双萘磺酸钠,滤纸法48 h-LC50为6575 ～ 41.89 μg· cm-2,人工土壤法14 d-LC50为1 195.0～1 911.7 mg·kg-1.13种溶剂中,二甲苯、乙苯、甲苯、正丁醇、环己酮表现出较高的毒性,滤纸法48 h-LC50为6.587 ～ 57.62 μg ·cm-2,密封人工土壤法48 h-LC50为181.9 ～781.5 mg·kg-1.采用两种方法测得的5种填料高岭土、白炭黑、硅藻土、凹凸棒土和轻质碳酸钙的毒性均较低.采用两种方法测得的毒性系统偏差接近,重现性均较好,并且滤纸接触法测得的毒力高于人工土壤法.     

海南岛西部地区砖红壤中微量元素含量及其分布特征

对海南岛西部地区发育典型的5个砖红壤剖面微量元素的组成特征进行研究发现,5个剖面微量元素的含量变化趋势具有一定的相似性,其中Cu、Pb、Zn、As平均含量大多高于中国南方砖红壤的平均值,而Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb等微量元素则刚好相反。各剖面微量元素含量的纵向变化规律显示,土壤中微量元素含量及其垂直变化从根本上取决于土壤母质的特征。受区内自然条件影响,区内土壤微量元素的垂向迁移能力相对较弱,而人类的工业活动、农业活动也可导致少量As、Cd、Pb等有害外源微量元素进入土壤并趋向于在土壤的浅层富集。     

基于群落数量特征的喀斯特湿地森林群落优势种分析

草海湿地是贵州省最大的天然淡水湿地湖泊,具有典型高原喀斯特湿地特征,作为国家一级保护鸟类黑颈鹤的主要越冬栖息地,对其展开各方面研究具有重要意义。之前对草海的研究主要集中在湖泊水体富营养化[1-2]、土壤重金属污染[3-5]、浮游植物与水生生物时空分布及保护区生态环境恢复等领域,而对草海湿地流域汇水区域森林生态系统的研究鲜有报道。采用典型标准样地调查法、群落数量特征和Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种判定法,对草海湿地流域不同坡度的森林植物群落优势种及群落特征进行分析。结果表明,(1)草海喀斯特湿地流域森林群落主要以松科(Pinaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)等植物为主。(2)采用IV-Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对不同坡度森林植物群落优势种比例分析发现,随坡度的增加优势种比呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,乔木群落优势种比例变化拐点在斜坡,灌木和草本群落拐点在陡坡。(3)采用SDR4-Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对不同坡度森林植物群落优势种比例分析,发现乔木群落优势种比例随坡度的增加而加大;灌木和草本群落优势种的比例随坡度的增加先减少后增加,优势种比例变化拐点为陡坡。(4)结合植物群落数量与Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对植物群落进行分析发现,群落数量指标所包含信息量的多寡直接影响分析结果,因此在对群落优势种的研究中,应选择包含种群信息量较多的群落数量指标。     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

渤海典型海域表层沉积物正构烷烃特征比较

对渤海典型海域表层沉积物正构烷烃特征进行比较研究.分别采集葫芦岛市近岸海域(1#)、东营市近岸海域(2#)、营口市近岸海域(3#)9个站点的表层沉积物样品,经索氏提取、柱净化后进行GC-MS分析.结果表明,各站位都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征,但主导峰各不相同;正构烷烃含量(∑n-alk)均值分别为5.43μg.g-1、2.27μg.g-1、4.30μg.g-1;三海域碳优势指数CPI、奇偶优势指数OEP、姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph等特征比值基本相同,指示混合来源及中性偏氧化的沉积环境;C31/C19均值分别为11.19、4.51、6.73,短/长链比值L/H均值分别为0.50、1.48、1.31,类脂物比值TAR均值分别为3.61、1.03、1.19,综合显示葫芦岛市近岸海域正构烷烃来源主要为陆源高等植物,而营口及东营近岸海域沉积物正构烷烃更多来源于内生浮游生物源及石油源,三海域沉积物受人类污染影响程度从高到低分别为2#海域(东营)>3#海域(营口)>1#海域(葫芦岛市),且东营近岸海域沉积物受石油污染特征明显.这些特征都与3个海域周边城市发展与污染输入特征有直接的关系.     

Evidence for a mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and sediments on DDT sorption

This report shows that biofilms and suspended particles double DDT sorption capacity on surface sediments. Sorption of pollutants by solid materials, such as biofilms, suspended particles and sediments, is a major process controlling the fate of hydrophobic pollutants in natural waters. Most previous studies focused on the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants by single-solid material, whereas few studies considered the mutual effect of different solids on the sorption. Various solid materials often interact with each other when they coexist in the same system. Therefore, pollutants sorption could be different from that in the single-solid sorption system. Here we studied the mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and surface sediments on the sorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Results showed that biofilms and suspended particles double DDT sorption capacity on surface sediments. The different effects were mainly determined by distinct components and structures of the three solid materials, particularly by organic components. Here we show the mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and sediments on DDT sorption.     

Recent advances in three typical configurations and applications of bioelectrochemical systems北大核心CSCD

As the world's freshwater resources and available energy are alarmingly decreasing, the bioelectrochemical system (BES) is a cutting-edge technology for the resolution of the resource and energy issue. Researchers have paid much attention to t he application of t he BES configuration. Based on t he brief i ntroduction of m icrobial f uel cell a nd m icrobial electrolytic cell structure, principles, and domestic and foreign research, the BES and its influencing factors are introduced, specifically including: microbial activity, electrode materials, and configuration. Three important aspects (i.e., the electrode chamber, the reaction chamber, and micro-sensor) are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of single-electrode and multi-electrode chambers are compared, based on the microbial desalination cell. Microbial electrolysis desalination cell: Microbial electrolysis desalination and chemical-production cell have been discussed to introduce increasing reaction chamber configuration; this review focuses on the research of BES monitoring with regards to biochemical oxygen demand. The potential applications of the research progress are explored. The results show that the configuration of multi-chamber microbial fuel cell is complex and its efficiency is low, while the single chamber configuration is advantageous. The reaction chamber added is mainly aimed at desalination, and the study of the desalination pool still needs to be focused on optimizing the cation exchange membrane to maintain the anode pH balance and reduce the air cathode dissolved oxygen. Microbial electrode sensor can be applied in more areas, and its sensitivity and long-term stability need to be further improved. However, there is relatively less research on the abundance and activity of electricigen communities; the configurations and scopes of application of BES are still the research priority. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

High CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> adsorption by amino-modified bio-spherical cellulose nanofibres aerogels

Climate change has become increasingly serious due to the greenhouse effect. It is therefore necessary to control the content of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, using, for instance, CO₂-adsorbing materials. Here, we synthesized ultra-lightweight and spherical cellulose nanofibres aerogels by a suspension titration method using an efficient amination process. These functional materials with high porosity, higher than 96.54%, and three-dimensional network structure, were prepared by freeze-drying spherical cellulose nanofibres hydrogel. Their maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity reaches 1.78 mmol/g, and they show excellent regeneration, of more than 10 cycles. This synthesis of bioaerogels represents a new method for the preparation of bio-CO₂ adsorbents.     

高锰酸钾改性桉木生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以桉木为原料,使用高锰酸钾对桉木生物炭（BC）进行改性,制备改性生物炭（KBC）.对其进行表征,并进行了水溶液中Pb （Ⅱ）的静态吸附实验,探究了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和初始浓度对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附效果影响.结果表明,最佳吸附反应pH为5,吸附在6 h达到饱和,当温度为25℃,Pb （Ⅱ）的初始浓度为100mg ·L^-1,吸附剂投加量为0.06 g时,KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的最大吸附量为83.059mg ·g^-1,去除率为99.67%.KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附遵循二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,其是发生在均匀表面的单层吸附.采用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR和XPS对吸附剂进行表征分析,发现吸附机制主要是KBC含氧和KBC含锰基团通过络合作用和沉淀作用来吸附Pb （Ⅱ）,以及在吸附过程中生物炭表面会形成—O—Pb—O—双齿配合物.因此,高锰酸钾改性BC可以作为一种很好的Pb （Ⅱ）吸附剂.