长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布格局及影响因子

满足人民群众对优美生态环境的需要是建设美丽中国的核心要务,而城市黑臭水体是危害城市居民生产生活和身心健康的重要污染源。该研究以长江经济带城市黑臭水体为研究对象,综合运用GIS技术与地理探测器方法,识别其空间特征及分布规律,探究不同因子对黑臭水体空间格局的影响差异并提出整治建议。研究表明:(1)长江经济带城市黑臭水体空间分布呈凝聚型分布,且空间分异较为明显。核密度表现为多单核中心独立、次级中心带状及零星分布特征。(2)黑臭水体重心位置处在湖北和湖南省中部城市区域,其系统具有明显无标度区,分形特征显著,空间结构复杂性强。(3)不同类型黑臭水体均属正值空间相关性,呈"上游冷、中下游热"的冷热点区差异格局。(4)空间结构的地理探测影响因素在全域范围内贡献力不明显,分区影响因子匹配凸出。工业废水排放量、居民生活用水量、排水管道长度等是显著影响因素。建议应从严守生态规矩、建立黑臭水体治理体制机制、完善识别评定技术标准体系、创新实践整治、丰富理论研究等方面推进城市黑臭水体治理和消除。     

滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理研究

随着滇池治理的进展,在今后一个时期内,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,成为滇池治理的首要目标和任务。围绕滇池流域水资源供求平衡,采用水资源全要素配置框架下的三次平衡分析理论,从整体上分析了滇池流域水资源供求平衡关系及存在的主要问题,提出了以需求为导向,建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理目标和措施。分析表明：在滇池治理的基础上,通过建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理体系,落实管理措施,从总量平衡的理论上能够充分发挥引水工程的作用,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,实现水量、水质供求的综合平衡。建议进一步开展量化分析和模拟实验研究,为在滇池流域实施综合平衡管理提供可靠依据和建议     

基于灾变理论的盐城市土地生态安全评价研究

土地生态安全关系到区域的可续发展。以压力 状态 响应模型与灾变理论相结合,根据盐城市的土地利用特点,分别从社会、经济和生态环境方面构建土地生态安全评价指标体系,分析盐城市2002～2011年的土地生态安全变化情况,找出其中的问题,能为盐城市土地利用可持续发展提供理论依据和参考价值。研究表明：盐城市土地利用生态安全等级除了2003年和2007年为安全等级外,其余8 a均为中等安全、不安全和极不安全等级,而且基本呈逐年下降趋势;人口、环保投入和城镇化是导致盐城市土地利用生态安全等级下降的重要影响因素,这种现实状况应该引起政府相关决策部门的高度重视,最后提出了几点建议     

Hydrogeochemical Indicators of Groundwater Flow Systems in the Yangwu River Alluvial Fan,Xinzhou Basin,Shanxi, China

Based on analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indicators, this article aims to identify the groundwater flow systems in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, in the Xinzhou Basin, China. Groundwater δ²H and δ¹⁸O values indicate that the origin of groundwater is mainly from precipitation, with local evaporative influence. d-excess values lower than 10% in most groundwaters suggest a cold climate during recharge in the area. Major ion chemistry, including rCa/rMg and rNa/rCl ratios, show that groundwater salinization is probably dominated by water–rock interaction (e.g., silicate mineral weathering, dissolution of calcite and dolomite and cation exchange) in the Yangwu River alluvial fan, and locally by intensive evapotranspiration in the Hutuo River valley. Cl and Sr concentrations follow an increasing trend in shallow groundwater affected by evaporation, and a decreasing trend in deep groundwater. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios reflect the variety of lithologies encountered during throughflow. The groundwater flow systems (GFS) of the Yangwu River alluvial fan include local and intermediate flow systems. Hydrogeochemical modeling results, simulated using PHREEQC, reveal water–rock interaction processes along different flow paths. This modeling method is more effective for characterizing flow paths in the intermediate system than in the local system. Artificial exploitation on groundwater in the alluvial fan enhances mixing between different groundwater flow systems.     

“5·12”汶川地震灾区典型区域生态环境状况影响评价

“5·12”汶川特大地震发生后。带来的植被破坏、水土流失、次生地质灾害等,给灾区生态环境造成了极大的影响。本文重点以汶川县作为典型区域,运用“3S”技术,通过对汶川县震前、震后的生态环境状况及其变化情况进行定量评价。分析“5·12”大地震对龙门山区生态环境的影响,以期为区域灾后重建提供参考。     

基于物元分析法基础设施系统可持续性评价

基础设施应具有持续有效地提供满足城市经济社会生态发展的整体功能,对其可持续水平的评价是城市基础设施系统研究的重要方面.应用物元分析方法建立基础设施系统可持续评价物元模型,通过分析基础设施宏观可持续的内涵,基于压力-状态-响应概念模型构建其评价指标体系,将可持续标准、评价指标及其评价值作为物元,对评价标准及实测数据进行归一化后,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度.以某城市基础设施为例进行可持续发展水平多指标的综合评价,说明该评价方法的有效性和可行性.基于物元分析法基础设施可持续水平的科学评价,为基础设施规划建设、运营维护和更新改造决策提供科学依据.     

Octanol–air partition coefficients of polybrominated biphenyls

The octanol–air partition coefficients (K_OA) for PBB15, PBB26, PBB31, PBB49, PBB103 and PBB153 were determined as a function of temperature using a gas chromatographic retention time technique with 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (p,p′-DDT) as a reference substance. The internal energies of phase change from octanol to air (Δ_OAU) were calculated for the six compounds and were in the range from 74 to 116 kJ mol⁻¹. Simple regression equations of log K_OA versus relative retention times (RRTs) on gas chromatography (GC), and log K_OA versus molecular connectivity indexes (MCI) were obtained, for which the correlation coefficients (r²) were greater than 0.985 at 283.15 K and 298.15 K. Thus the K_OA values of the remaining PBBs can be predicted by using their RRTs and MCI according to these relationships.     

Model evaluation of the phytoextraction potential of heavy metal hyperaccumulators and non-hyperaccumulators

Evaluation of the remediation ability of zinc/cadmium in hyper- and non-hyperaccumulator plant species through greenhouse studies is limited. To bridge the gap between greenhouse studies and field applications for phytoextraction, we used published data to examine the partitioning of heavy metals between plants and soil (defined as the bioconcentration factor). We compared the remediation ability of the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Arabidopsis halleri and the non-hyperaccumulators Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica juncea using a hierarchical linear model (HLM). A recursive algorithm was then used to evaluate how many harvest cycles were required to clean a contaminated site to meet Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency regulations. Despite the high bioconcentration factor of both hyperaccumulators, metal removal was still limited because of the plants' small biomass. Simulation with N. tabacum and the Cadmium model suggests further study and development of plants with high biomass and improved phytoextraction potential for use in environmental cleanup.     

废弃印刷线路板碘化法浸金研究

针对碘化法从废弃印刷线路板中提取金的工艺设计,分别考察了碘的质量分数、n(I₂)/n(I^-)比值、固液比、双氧水的质量分数、pH值、浸出时间和浸出温度对金浸出率的影响。结合正交设计优化实验方法,提出了从废弃印刷线路板中碘化法浸取金的最佳工艺条件：碘的质量分数为1.1％,n(I₂)∶n(I^-)=1∶10,双氧水的质量分数为1.5％,浸出时间4 h,固液比为1∶10,浸出温度为常温（25℃）,溶液pH值为中性,此时金浸出率可达97.5％。     

液-固流化床回收印刷线路板中金属的研究

根据废弃印刷线路板中材料密度不同,采用水介质流化床对印刷线路板粉末中的金属进行回收,对0.25～0.177、0.177～0.104、0.104～0.074和-0.074 mm 4个粒级范围内的物料进行分选试验。试验结果表明,在上述4个粒级范围内,随介质流速的增大,金属回收率降低;金属回收率η与实际操作速度（ua）和颗粒终端沉降速度（ut）的比值φ（ua/ut）存在一定线性关系,分析模拟了η与φ之间的相关性方程,外推试验的结果证明了相关性方程的可靠性;在合适的操作条件下,各粒级范围内金属的回收率分别为95.02%、90.07%、87.5%和92.68%。