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91.
Ingrid Ahnesjö 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(3):167-172
Embryo success was studied in the paternally brooding pipefish Syngnathus typhle. During brooding, which lasts about a month, males provide embryos in their brood pouch with nutrients and oxygen via a placenta-like
structure. Egg size depends on female size. In aquaria, males were mated with differently sized females to give the following
treatments: M, mixed-egg-size broods of approximately half large and half small eggs; L, single-egg-size broods of large eggs;
S, single-egg-size broods of small eggs; and F, field mated males. All males were kept in aquaria for a full brooding period.
For each egg-size category, the number of newborn was compared with the number of eggs the male initially fertilized in his
brood pouch. Within mixed-egg-size broods, a higher proportion of large eggs survived and large eggs resulted in heavier newborn
than small eggs. Indeed, small eggs from a mixed-egg-size brood had significantly lower relative success (proportion of embryos
surviving to birth) than those from a brood entirely composed of small eggs. The implication is that embryos compete for resources
within the brood pouch, and that competitive success depends on egg size. Given that females produce eggs corresponding in
size to their body size, and that females are known to compete indirectly for access to mates (i.e., the sex-roles are reversed),
this intrabrood competition could be seen as an extension of female-female competition, but alternative explanations are discussed.
Received: 28 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 28 October 1995 相似文献
92.
Kenyon?B.?MobleyEmail author Charlotta?Kvarnemo Ingrid?Ahnesj? Charlyn?Partridge Anders?Berglund Adam?G.?Jones 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1169-1177
The occurrence of male pregnancy in the family Syngnathidae (seahorses, pipefishes, and sea dragons) provides an exceptionally
fertile system in which to investigate issues related to the evolution of parental care. Here, we take advantage of this unique
reproductive system to study the influence of maternal body size on embryo survivorship in the brood pouches of pregnant males
of the broad-nosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle. Males were mated with either two large females, two small females, a large then a small female, or a small then a large
female. Our results show that offspring survivorship depends on an interaction between female body size and the number of
eggs transferred by the female. Eggs of larger females deposited in large numbers are more likely to result in viable offspring
than eggs of smaller females laid in large numbers. However, when females deposited smaller numbers of eggs, the eggs from
smaller females were more likely to produce viable offspring compared to those from larger females. We found no evidence that
this result was based on mating order, the relative sizes of competing females, or egg characteristics such as dry weight
of eggs. Additionally, male body size did not significantly influence the survivorship of offspring during brooding. Our results
suggest that the factors underlying offspring survivorship in pipefish may be more complex than previously believed, with
multiple factors interacting to determine the fitness of individual offspring within the broods of pregnant males. 相似文献
93.
94.
95.
This research examined the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior helping norms in teams, specifically with regard to how members' personality, values, beliefs, and helping behavior predict the emergence of helping norms in newly formed project teams. We drew from theory on emergent phenomena and team composition research to propose and test a compilation model of how helping norms are influenced by having at least one member with particularly low (minimum) or high (maximum) levels of attributes that may influence helping‐norm development (i.e., conscientiousness, agreeableness, other‐oriented values, personal helping beliefs). We further examined the extent to which members' helping behaviors, as rated by peers, predicted helping norms and whether these behaviors mediated the relationship between individual attributes and helping norms. The results of a longitudinal study of 47 student project teams revealed that teams' minimums on agreeableness, other‐oriented values, and personal helping beliefs had direct relationships with helping‐norm emergence, and the effects of agreeableness were mediated through mean helping behavior. By contrast, teams' maximums on these attributes showed no relationships with helping norms, and only a team maximum on agreeableness was associated with teams' mean helping behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
96.
Emissions from a small residential wood stove and a newly developed residential stove burning charcoal have been characterized by chemical analysis and mutagenicity testing (Ames Salmonella test). For wood burning the samples were taken under normal and starved air conditions burning birch and spruce separately. The burning conditions in the stove seemed to influence the emissions to a larger extent than the type of wood.The emissions of aldehydes, benzene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the charcoal-burning stove are lower by a factor of 25–1000 as compared to the wood stove. The mutagenicity of the emissions showed a similar trend. 相似文献
97.
98.
Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden Physiologie der Lichtempfindlichkeit geblendeter Fische 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ingrid de la Motte 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1963,50(9):363-363
99.
Bogdanovic J Wouters IM Sander I Zahradnik E Joanne HR Rodrigo MJ Gómez-Ollés S Heederik DJ Doekes G 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(10):1043-1048
Well-validated methods for measuring airborne occupational allergens are essential for effective control and reduction of allergen exposures. For wheat flour allergens, specific immunoassays are available, but there is a need for optimisation and standardization of sample processing procedures. Wheat flour allergen elution and storage were studied using airborne dust samples collected in bakeries with a new parallel sampler. Forty-eight series of 9 parallel filters were subjected to extraction procedures varying in elution medium, shaking method, extraction vial, and centrifugation speed. Wheat allergens were measured with enzyme immunoassays, and the effect of various procedures evaluated by mixed regression analyses. The stability of the eluted allergens was assessed after storage for 20 days and 4 months at -20 degrees C, in the presence or absence of casein in the medium. Only the type of elution medium had significant effects on allergen recovery: addition of Tween-20 resulted in 3- to 100-fold increased levels, an effect that was most pronounced at low concentrations. Allergen levels in extracts were stable for at least 4 months at -20 degrees C, irrespective of the presence of casein in the medium. Addition of Tween-20 to the elution medium is essential for optimal extraction of wheat allergen. The recommended procedure further includes the use of conventional polystyrene tubes, simple shaking methods, and centrifugation after extraction. Wheat dust extracts in PBS-Tween can be stored frozen for at least 4 months, and addition of a stabilising protein is not required. 相似文献
100.
Elisabeth K. V. Kalko Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler Ingrid Kaipf Alan D. Grinnell 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(5):305-319
We studied variability in foraging behavior of Noctilio albiventris (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae) in Costa Rica and Panamá and related it to properties of its echolocation behavior. N. albiventris searches for prey in high (>20 cm) or low (<20 cm) search flight, mostly over water. It captures insects in mid-air (aerial
captures) and from the water surface (pointed dip). We once observed an individual dragging its feet through the water (directed
random rake). In search flight, N. albiventris emits groups of echolocation signals (duration 10–11 ms) containing mixed signals with constant-frequency (CF) and frequency-modulated
(FM) components, or pure CF signals. Sometimes, mostly over land, it produces long FM signals (duration 15–21 ms). When N. albiventris approaches prey in a pointed dip or in aerial captures, pulse duration and pulse interval are reduced, the CF component is
eliminated, and a terminal phase with short FM signals (duration 2 ms) at high repetition rates (150–170 Hz) is emitted. Except
for the last pulses in the terminal phase N. albiventris avoids overlap between emitted signals and echoes returning from prey. During rakes, echolocation behavior is similar to
that in high search flight. We compare N. albiventris with its larger congener, N. leporinus, and discuss behavioral and morphological specializations that can be interpreted as preadaptations favoring the evolution
of piscivory as seen in N. leporinus. Prominent among these specializations are the CF components of the echolocation signals which allow detection and evaluation
of fluttering prey amidst clutter-echoes, high variability in foraging strategy and the associated echolocation behavior,
as well as morphological specializations such as enlarged feet for capturing prey from the water surface.
Received: 21 April 1997 / Accepted after revision: 12 January 1998 相似文献