Alarm flooding is a major safety issue in today's processing facilities. Important recommendations are available for alarm management; however, they are often violated in practice, especially in the alarm systems implemented through the distributed control system. An effective process alarm prioritization and management system is desired for a safe and effective operation of a process facility.In present work, authors address two main issues related to an alarm system – the reliability and the prioritization of the alarms. The main objective is to deal with the alarm-flooding problem in process facilities. A multi alert voting system based on sensor redundancy approach is proposed to improve the reliability. A quantitative risk-based alarm management approach is proposed to address the flooding issue. In the risk-based approach, an integrated model consisting of the probability (P), the impact (I) of the potential hazards, and the process safety time is proposed to prioritize these raised alarms.The proposed approach is further explained by a reactor system with pressure and temperature variable monitoring and controls, where the hazards associated with two alerts caused by over high pressure and over high temperature are analyzed and integrated with response time for alarms generation and prioritization. 相似文献
The assessment of the toxicants in roadside soil on regular basis has become extremely essential with the increase in awareness for the metal toxicity in the environment. The present study investigates the presence of toxic metals along National Highway (N-5), Pakistan. Averages of about 1.3 million per month of automobile vehicles ply on this route. Lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and iron (Fe) were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in roadside soil at the nine selected locations along the highway. Strong Pearson correlations (α = 0.05) were found between Pb and Zn (r(2)?= 0.887), Fe and Mn (r(2)?= 0.880), Hg and Cd (0.864), Cu and Zn (0.838), and Cu and Pb (0.814). The correlation between the elemental compositions of the main automobile components revealed vehicular traffic as the main non-point source of roadside soil pollution. Extremely high level of mercury, 144.05 mg kg(-1), was found at S5. It was revealed that the unregulated incineration and dumping sites of hazardous waste material along N-5 were also responsible for these contaminations. Multivariate analysis on the obtained data also disclosed the same interpretation. Cluster analysis of the data grouped Pb, Zn, and Cu at 85.23% similarity, whereas, Cd, Hg, and Ni were grouped at 78.75% similarity basis. The findings need swift action against the root cause of soil pollution. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study aims to explore the chemopreventive mechanisms of hydroethanolic extracts from avocado (Persea Americana) in diethylnitrosamine... 相似文献
Rising economic growth in recent ages is the primary concern of most of the countries to enhance the living standard, but the ever-increasing production of economic activities consumes a lot of energy, which leads to a sharp increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Innovation may be a remedy that can help improve energy efficiency, obtain renewable energy, and promote economic growth, thereby protecting the quality of the environment. Therefore, this paper examines the role of innovation and renewable energy consumption in CO2 reduction in OECD countries from 2004 to 2019. By using the two-step system generalized of moment estimator, the results show that economic growth and innovation significantly increase carbon emissions, however the innovation Claudia Curve (ICC) is verified, and the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. Foreign direct investment has a negative impact on carbon emissions, thus verifying the Pollution Hao hypothesis, whereas renewable energy also improves environmental quality, but the interaction between innovation and renewable energy consumption still increases carbon emissions. Financial development, industrialization, trade, and energy consumption have also been found to be harmful factors of environmental quality. Our findings have considerable policy implications for OECD countries on the improvement of innovation indicators and investment in renewable energy sources to rise environmental quality.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Climate finance and carbon pricing are regarded as sustainable policy mechanisms for mitigating negative environmental externalities via the... 相似文献
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Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The study inspects the inverted U shape of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis following the influence of economic growth on CO2... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Groundwater resources are highly stressed due to their overuse, especially in the arid region. This study is aimed at discovering potential... 相似文献