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41.
42.
Thornton Grace L. Stevens Brian French Shannon K. Shirose Leonard J. Reggeti Felipe Schrier Nick Parmley E. Jane Reid Alexandra Jardine Claire M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(23):34137-34146
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used globally to control rodent pest infestations in both urban and agricultural settings. It is well documented... 相似文献
43.
Strong variability in bacterioplankton abundance and production in central and western Bay of Bengal
Veronica Fernandes Nagappa Ramaiah Jane T. Paul Sugandha Sardessai R. Jyoti Babu Mangesh Gauns 《Marine Biology》2008,153(5):975-985
With large influx of freshwater that decreases sea-surface salinities, weak wind forcing of <10 m s−1 and almost always warm (>28°C) sea-surface temperature that stratifies and shallows the mixed layer leading to low or no
nutrient injections into the surface, primary production in Bay of Bengal is reportedly low. As a consequence, the Bay of
Bengal is considered as a region of low biological productivity. Along with many biological parameters, bacterioplankton abundance
and production were measured in the Bay of Bengal during post monsoon (September–October 2002) along an open ocean transect,
in the central Bay (CB, 88°E) and the other transect in the western Bay (WB). The latter representing the coastal influenced
shelf/slope waters. Bacterioplankton abundances (<2 × 109cells l−1) were similar to those reported from the HNLC equatorial Pacific and the highly productive northern Arabian Sea. Yet, the
thymidine uptake rates along CB (average of 1.46 pM h−1) and WB (average of 1.40 pM h−1) were less than those from the northwestern Indian Ocean. These abundances and uptake rates were higher than those in the
oligotrophic northwestern Sargasso Sea (<7 × 108 cells l−1; av 1.0 pM h−1). Concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), primary production rates and total organic carbon (TOC) were also measured for a comparison of heterotrophic and autotrophic
production. In the WB, bacterioplankton carbon biomass equaled ∼ 95% of chl a carbon than just 31% in the CB. Average bacterial:primary production (BP:PP) ratios accounted for 29% in the CB and 31% in
the WB. This is mainly due to lower primary productivity (PP) in the WB (281 mg C m−2 d−1) than in the CB (306 mg C m−2 day−1). This study indicates that bacteria–phytoplankton relationship differs in the open (CB) and coastal waters (WB). Higher
abundance and contrastingly low bacterial production (BP) in WB may be because of the riverine bacteria, brought in through
discharges, becoming dormant and unable to reproduce in salinities of 28 or more psu. Heterotrophic bacteria appear to utilize
in situ DOC rather rapidly and their carbon demand is ∼50% of daily primary production. It is also apparent that allochthonous
organic matter, in particular in the western Bay, is important for meeting their carbon demand. 相似文献
44.
Marion Valeix Hervé Fritz Andrew J. Loveridge Zeke Davidson Jane E. Hunt Felix Murindagomo David W. Macdonald 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(10):1483-1494
A central question in the study of predator–prey relationships is to what extent prey behaviour is determined by avoidance
of predators. Here, we test whether the long-term risk of encountering lions and the presence of lions in the vicinity influence
the behaviour of large African herbivores at waterholes through avoidance of high-risk areas, increases in group size, changes
in temporal niche or changes in the time spent in waterhole areas. In Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, we monitored waterholes
to study the behaviour of nine herbivore species under different risks of encountering lions. We radio-collared 26 lions in
the study area which provided the opportunity to monitor whether lions were present during observation sessions and to map
longer-term seasonal landscapes of risk of encountering lions. Our results show that the preferred prey species for lions
(buffalo, kudu and giraffe) avoided risky waterholes. Group size increased as encounter risk increased for only two species
(wildebeest and zebra), but this effect was not strong. Interestingly, buffalo avoided the hours of the day which are dangerous
when the long-term and short-term risks of encountering lions were high, and all species showed avoidance of waterhole use
at night times when lions were in the vicinity. This illustrates well how prey can make temporal adjustments to avoid dangerous
periods coinciding with predator hunting. Additionally, many herbivores spent more time accessing water to drink when the
long- and short-term risks of encountering lions were high, and they showed longer potential drinking time when the long-term
risk of encountering lions was high, suggesting higher levels of vigilance. This study illustrates the diversity of behavioural
adjustments to the risk of encountering a predator and how prey respond differently to temporal variations in this risk. 相似文献
45.
Species richness and evenness are components of biological diversity that may or may not be correlated with one another and with patterns of species abundance. We compared these attributes among flowering plants, grasshoppers, butterflies, lizards, summer birds, winter birds, and rodents across 48 plots in the grasslands and mesquite-oak savannas of southeastern Arizona. Species richness and evenness were uncorrelated or weakly negatively correlated for each taxonomic group, supporting the conclusion that richness alone is an incomplete measure of diversity. In each case, richness was positively correlated with one or more measures of abundance. By contrast, evenness usually was negatively correlated with the abundance variables, reflecting the fact that plots with high evenness generally were those where all species present were about equally uncommon. Therefore richness, but not evenness, usually was a positive predictor of places of conservation value, if these are defined as places where species of interest are especially abundant. Species diversity was more positively correlated with evenness than with richness among grasshoppers and flowering plants, in contrast to the other taxonomic groups, and the positive correlations between richness and abundance were comparatively weak for grasshoppers and plants as well. Both of these differences can be attributed to the fact that assemblages of plants and grasshoppers were numerically dominated by small subsets of common species (grasses and certain spur-throated grasshoppers) whose abundances differed greatly among plots in ways unrelated to species richness of the groups as a whole. 相似文献
46.
Images in children’s books can leave a more lasting impression in young learners’ minds than text. Therefore, it is important for children’s books to use images as a teaching tool, especially regarding global issues such as environmental sustainability. This study examined how the images in nonfiction children’s books approach the topic of sustainability and whether these images support the overall goals of environmental education. We selected seven easy-to-access trade books which yielded 384 images for analysis. Two coders analyzed the images according to the following categories: (a) gender and age, (b) actions of people, (c) depictions of nature, (d) depictions of objects, (e) structures, and (f) habitation. Results show that nearly half of the images (48 %) depicted non-natural objects (16 %) or humans (31 %). One half of the images portrayed humans as consumers. Gender bias was evident, with 33 % of females portrayed as consumers and only 16 % of males portrayed as consumers. Similarly, 12 % of the images with males showed them engaged in recycling behavior, while only 4 % of the images showed females recycling. Of the 32 % of images depicting nature, individual plants rather than ecosystems were portrayed. Depictions of man-made systems predominated the images, a surprising finding. No images established the connection between consumerism and the depletion of natural resources or pollution, and further sustainable actions or lifestyles were not portrayed, implying that consumption is a societal norm. We conclude with recommendations for the use of images in children’s literature focusing on environmental education and sustainability. 相似文献
47.
Majbrit Dela Cruz Jan H. Christensen Jane Dyrhauge Thomsen Renate Müller 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(24):13909-13928
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are found in indoor air, and many of these can affect human health (e.g. formaldehyde and benzene are carcinogenic). Plants affect the levels of VOCs in indoor environments, thus they represent a potential green solution for improving indoor air quality that at the same time can improve human health. This article reviews scientific studies of plants’ ability to remove VOCs from indoor air. The focus of the review is on pathways of VOC removal by the plants and factors affecting the efficiency and rate of VOC removal by plants. Laboratory based studies indicate that plant induced removal of VOCs is a combination of direct (e.g. absorption) and indirect (e.g. biotransformation by microorganisms) mechanisms. They also demonstrate that plants’ rate of reducing the level of VOCs is influenced by a number of factors such as plant species, light intensity and VOC concentration. For instance, an increase in light intensity has in some studies been shown to lead to an increase in removal of a pollutant. Studies conducted in real-life settings such as offices and homes are few and show mixed results. 相似文献
48.
Jane C. Chuang Jeanette M. Van Emon Margaret E. Tefft Nancy K. Wilson 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):516-523
A low-cost, high throughput bioanalytical screening method was developed for monitoring cis/trans-permethrin in dust and soil samples. The method consisted of a simple sample preparation procedure [sonication with dichloromethane followed by a solvent exchange into methanol:water (1:1)] with bioanalytical detection using a magnetic particle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative recoveries (83–126 %) of cis/trans-permethrin were obtained for spiked soil and dust samples. The percent difference of duplicate ELISA analyses was within ± 20 % for standards and ± 35 % for samples. Similar sample preparation procedures were used for the conventional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis except that additional cleanup steps were required. Recoveries of cis/trans-permethrin ranged from 81 to 108 % for spiked soil and dust samples by GC/MS. The ELISA-derived permethrin concentrations were highly correlated with the GC/MS-derived sum of cis/trans-permethrin concentrations with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.986. The ELISA method provided a rapid qualitative screen for cis/trans-permethrin in soil and dust while providing a higher sample throughput with a lower cost as compared to the GC/MS method. The ELISA can be applied as a complementary, low-cost screening tool to prioritize and rank samples prior to instrumental analysis for exposure studies. 相似文献
49.
Li X Wang C Zhang G Xiao L Dixon J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(5):1375-1384
Background, aims and scope
Current studies have paid little attention to the dynamism in urban spatial expansion and its possible environmental and health effects or to the health effects of rapid urban environmental change at different points along the urbanisation gradient. This study adopts a public health ecology approach to systematically understand the relationship between urbanisation, urban environmental change and human health in China.Method
Remote sensing image analysis, based on night light data at five different time periods in recent decades, was used to determine changes to the overall urban area. Through a review of the evidence on the relationships between environmental health, urbanisation and health, we advance a pathway framework for explaining urban human health ecology. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the correlation between disease prevalence and urbanisation level, adding a further dimension to a systemic understanding of urban health.Results and conclusions
Urban areas have been increasing spatially, but unevenly, in recent decades, with medium and small cities also expanding rapidly in the past decade. Urbanisation and urban expansion result in changes to land use/coverage change, the urban environment and the residents?? lifestyle, which result in human health problems. Regions with the highest urbanisation level were more inclined to have a high prevalence of chronic disease in recent decades. An ecological public health approach provides insights into the multiple types of data which need to be routinely collected if human disease is not to become a barrier to social and economic development. 相似文献50.
N. Jane Harms Graham D. Fairhurst 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(3):841-848
In the Athabasca oil sands region of northern Alberta, mining companies are evaluating reclamation using constructed wetlands for integration of tailings. From May to July 2008, reproductive performance of 40 breeding pairs of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), plus growth and survival of nestlings, was measured on three reclaimed wetlands on two oil sands leases. A subset of nestlings was examined for i) feather corticosterone levels, ii) delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and iii) innate immune function. Nestlings on one of two wetlands created with oil sands process affected material (OSPM) were heavier and had greater wing-lengths, and mounted a stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity response compared those on the reference wetland. Corticosterone was significantly higher in male nestlings on one of two OSPM-containing wetland compared to the reference wetland. Body condition of 12-day-old female nestlings was inversely related to feather corticosterone. Under ideal weather conditions, reclaimed wetlands can support healthy populations of aerially-insectivorous birds. 相似文献