Spatial variations of human health risk associated with exposure to chlorination by-products occurring in drinking water

During disinfection, chlorine reacts with organic matter present in drinking water and forms various undesirable chlorinated by-products (CBPs). This paper describes a study of the spatial variability of human health risk (i.e., cancer effects) from CBP exposure through drinking water in a specific region. The region under study involves nine drinking water distribution systems divided into several zones based on their characteristics. The spatial distribution of cancer risk (CR) was estimated using two years of data (2006-2008) on various CBP species. In this analysis, trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) served as surrogates for CBPs. Three possible routes of exposure (i.e., via ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact) were considered for each selected compound. The cancer risk assessment involved estimating a unit risk (R(T)) in each zone of the selected distribution systems. A probabilistic analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations was employed. Risk assessment results showed that cancer risk varied between systems, but also within individual systems. As a result, the population of the same region was not exposed to the same risk associated with CBPs in drinking water. Unacceptable levels (i.e., R(T) > 10(-4)) for the estimated CR were determined for several zones in the studied region. This study demonstrates that a spatial-based analysis performed to represent the spatial distribution of risk estimates can be helpful in identifying suitable risk management strategies. Suggestions for improving the risk analysis procedure are also presented.     

Editorial: Effect of root anatomy and apoplastic barrier development on cadmium uptake in rice

<正>Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal with high mobility from soil and known translocation into plants (Song et al., 2015).Because the main source of human exposure to Cd is from food consumption, there has been increased research examining Cd uptake in agricultural plants (Li et al., 2014; Rizwan et al., 2016; Song et al., 2015). Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been identified as a major crop that contains relatively high     

Techno-economic-environmental characteristics of polyurethane composite to thermal insulation for building with flame resistance: corroborative effect recycled of PVC and aluminum oxide

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this article, we present the results of the composite development obtained from polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and aluminum...     

Impact of simulated acid rain on the growth of three species Brassica integrifolia,Brassica rapa,Brassica juncea in Hanoi,Vietnam

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Over the past decade, the extent and magnitude of acid rain in Vietnam and other Asian countries have become more apparent. In this study, the effect...     

Main and added effects of heatwaves on hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders in a tropical megacity of Vietnam

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Vietnam is highly vulnerable to climate change-related extreme weather events such as heatwaves. This study assesses the association between heatwaves...     

Do DOM optical parameters improve the prediction of copper availability in vineyard soils?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Accumulation of copper (Cu) in soils due to the application of fungicides may be toxic for organisms and hence affect winegrowing sustainability. Soil...     

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in workplace and house dust from Vietnam: concentrations,profiles, emission sources,and exposure risk

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The occurrence of nine phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were determined in indoor dust samples collected from vehicle repair shops, waste processing...     

黄土丘陵区柠条人工林不同深度土壤呼吸速率对土壤温湿度的响应

明确气候变化背景下生态脆弱区土壤呼吸速率特征和土壤温湿度对其影响,对准确评估和预知该区碳收支具有重要意义.以陕北黄土丘陵区自然撂荒地22 a柠条人工纯林为研究对象,通过CO₂分析仪和温湿度传感器测定不同土层（10、50和100 cm） CO₂浓度平均值和土壤温湿度,采用Fick第一扩散系数法计算土壤呼吸速率,探究不同土层土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤呼吸速率的动态变化特征,并进一步分析不同土层土壤呼吸速率对土壤温湿度的响应.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率日变化随土层深度增加显著降低（P<0.05）,峰值出现时间存在滞后现象,相邻土层间（10、50和100 cm）土壤呼吸速率由上至下均滞后1 h;6~9月土壤呼吸速率月变化为多峰曲线,其中10、50和100 cm土层土壤呼吸速率最大值分别在7月25日、8月6日和8月10日,达13.96、2.96和1.47 μmol ·（m² ·s）^-1;土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率影响随土层深度增加而减弱,50 cm及以下土层土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响（P>0.05）,10 cm土层指数拟合最优,R²=0.96,50 cm和100 cm土层拟合较差,R²分别为0.00和0.01,温度敏感系数Q₁₀随土层深度增加而减小;不同土层土壤湿度对土壤呼吸速率影响均显著（P<0.05）,二次拟合表现为50 cm （R²=0.35）>10 cm （R²=0.22）>100 cm （R²=0.31）;10、50和100 cm土层土壤温度与土壤湿度的综合作用可解释土壤呼吸速率的96%、6%~50%和22%~24%.综上所述,黄土丘陵区柠条人工纯林不同深度土壤温湿度对土壤呼吸速率影响存在差异,10 cm土层土壤呼吸速率受土壤温湿度的综合影响,但土壤温度的相对贡献更高,50 cm土层及以下土壤湿度为关键因子.研究结果有助于更好地预测未来气候变化对该区陆地生态系统碳循环影响,为温室气体调控提供理论依据.     

Reutilization of thermostable polyester wastes by means of agglomeration with phenolic resins

We report on the possibility of obtaining organic polymeric matrixes allowing the development of new high performance fire-resistant products by recycling downsized thermostable waste materials. Phenolic resins have been used as binders for recycled waste. Furthermore, considering that reinforced plastic triturations have superior properties (chemical, mechanical, water resistance, etc.) to wood agglomerates, significant advantages over conventional materials are anticipated. In summary, we propose a viable solution to some of the known problems caused by the consumption of wood and to the needs of strengthened plastic processing engineering. Using resins as a binder, several fire-resistant prototypes were prepared from polyester waste, and their mechanical properties, thermal stability, and fire-resistant properties were analyzed.