Wind and wind power characteristics of the eastern and southern coastal and northern inland regions,South Africa

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this work is to understand the fluctuating nature of wind speed characteristics on different time scales and to find the long-term...     

Air pollution below WHO levels decreases by 40 % the links of terrestrial microbial networks

Air pollution has a deleterious impact on public health and the environment. There is few knowledge on the effect of air pollution on terrestrial microbial communities, despite the major role of microbes in ecosystems. Here, we designed an in situ trial ecosystem to assess the impact of moderate atmospheric pollution, below World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds, on an indigenous microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, ciliates, algae, cyanobacteria, testate amoebae, rotifers and nematodes, extracted from terrestrial bryophytes. These micro-ecosystems were placed at a rural, an urban and an industrial site in France and were thus exposed to various levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), from 6.6–67.9 μg·m^?3, and particulate matter, from 0.7–7.9 μg·m^?3. Microbial analysis was performed by microscopy. We determined atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and particulate matter with diameter lower than 10 µm (PM₁₀), Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn in PM₁₀, and (NO₂). Results show a significant impact of chronic moderate exposure to NO₂ and copper Cu-associated particulate matter on the global microbial network complexity. This is evidenced by a loss of about 40 % of microbial co-occurrence links during incubation. Most lost microbial links are ecologically positive links. Moreover, most changes in community co-occurrence networks are related to testate amoebae, a major top predator of microbes. Overall, our findings demonstrate that air pollution can have strong deleterious effects on microbial interactions, even at levels below WHO thresholds.     

Carbon leakage and capacity-based allocations: Is the EU right?

Competitiveness and carbon leakage are major concerns for the design of CO₂ emissions permits markets. In the absence of a global carbon tax and of border carbon adjustments, output-based allocation is a third-best solution and is actually implemented (Australia, California, New Zealand). The EU has followed a different route; free allowances are allocated to existing or new capacities in proportion to a benchmark, independent of actual production. This paper compares these two schemes in a formal setting and shows that the optimal one is in fact a combination of both schemes, or output-based allocation alone if uncertainty is limited. A key assumption of our analysis is that the short-term import pressure depends both on the existing capacities and the level of demand, which is typical in capital intensive and internationally traded sectors. A calibration of the model is used to discuss the EU scheme for the cement sector in the third phase of the EU-ETS (2013–2020). This allows for a quantification of various policies in terms of welfare, investment, production, company profits, public revenues and leakage.     

Mitochondrial and nuclear rRNA based copepod phylogeny with emphasis on the Euchaetidae (Calanoida)

Phylogenetic relationships within the copepod family Euchaetidae and between representatives of three copepod orders (Calanoida, Harpacticoida, and Poecilostomatoida) were investigated using partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and the nuclear 28S rRNA genes. DNA isolation, polymerase chain reaction, cloning, and DNA sequencing techniques were customized for these crustaceans. Our results support the monophyly of each copepod order, but in contrast to traditional morphology-based phylogenies of copepod orders, the Poecilostomatoida are basal to the Calanoida and Harpacticoida on our DNA-based phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic trees generated by maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum-likelihood analyses support the classification of the genera Euchaeta and Paraeuchaeta in the family Euchaetidae; results, however, suggest that Euchaetaacuta Giesbrecht is more closely related to species of the genus Paraeuchaeta than to those of Euchaeta, although limited taxon sampling may be partially responsible for this result. Phylogenetic mapping using the most parsimonious 16S tree suggests that the morphological synapomorphies distinguishing the genus Euchaeta evolved independently twice during the history of the Euchaetidae. Further, phylogenetic mapping suggests that the most recent common ancestor of the Euchaetidae and the Aetideidae was a deep-living, vertically migrating copepod, and that a bathypelagic, vertically migrating lifestyle characteristic of Paraeuchaeta is an ancestral trait of the family Euchaetidae which was lost apomorphically by Euchaeta. The application of a molecular clock suggests that the sibling species Euchaeta rimana Bradford and Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea) diverged due to the emergence of the Panamanian land bridge. Received: 9 October 1997 / Accepted: 5 August 1998     

A comparison of transport-related gill enzyme activities and tissue-specific free amino acid concentrations of Baltic Sea (brackish water) and freshwater threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, after salinity and temperature acclimation

The osmoregulatory abilities of one freshwater and two brackish water (Baltic Sea) populations of the euryhaline teleost fish Gasterosteus aculeatus were studied with respect to evolutionary physiology. Plasma osmolality, activities of Na⁺K⁺-ATPase, citrate synthase, creatine kinase in the gill and free amino acids in liver, axial muscle and pectoral fin muscle were measured. After transfer from 10 to 35 ppt at 15 °C, time-course changes of plasma osmolality and gill Na⁺K⁺-ATPase showed no significant fundamental differences between the freshwater and one of the Baltic Sea populations. In a multi-factorial experiment, each population was exposed to four different abiotic regimes. Both brackish water populations had high mortality in freshwater at 4 °C, which is discussed as a failure of osmotic regulation (reduced taurine concentrations). Freshwater specimens had higher levels of glycine in the axial and pectoral fin muscles compared to the brackish water populations. This is interpreted as a genetically based effect. In brackish (20 ppt) water of 15 °C, the freshwater population had high activities of Na⁺K⁺-ATPase, but low activities of creatine kinase, whereas both brackish water populations behaved in the opposite way. A fundamental difference between the freshwater and brackish water populations on the level of the osmoregulatory machinery was not observed. Received: 10 December 1998 / Accepted: 22 September 1999     

Effects of Bioengineered Streambank Stabilization on Bank Habitat and Macroinvertebrates in Urban Streams

Non-structural streambank stabilization, or bioengineering, is a common stream restoration practice used to slow streambank erosion, but its ecological effects have rarely been assessed. We surveyed bank habitat and sampled bank macroinvertebrates at four bioengineered sites, an unrestored site, and a comparatively less-impacted reference site in the urban Peachtree-Nancy Creek catchment in Atlanta, GA, USA. The amount of organic bank habitat (wood and roots) was much higher at the reference site and three of the bioengineered sites than at the unrestored site or the other bioengineered site, where a very different bioengineering technique was used (“joint planting”). At all sites, we saw a high abundance of pollution-tolerant taxa, especially chironomids and oligochaetes, and a low richness and diversity of the bank macroinvertebrate community. Total biomass, insect biomass, and non-chironomid insect biomass were highest at the reference site and two of the bioengineered sites (p < 0.05). Higher biomass and abundance were found on organic habitats (wood and roots) versus inorganic habitats (mud, sand, and rock) across all sites. Percent organic bank habitat at each site proved to be strongly positively correlated with many factors, including taxon richness, total biomass, and shredder biomass. These results suggest that bioengineered bank stabilization can have positive effects on bank habitat and macroinvertebrate communities in urban streams, but it cannot completely mitigate the impacts of urbanization.     

Importance of Riparian Forests in Urban Catchments Contingent on Sediment and Hydrologic Regimes

Forested riparian corridors are thought to minimize impacts of landscape disturbance on stream ecosystems; yet, the effectiveness of streamside forests in mitigating disturbance in urbanizing catchments is unknown. We expected that riparian forests would provide minimal benefits for fish assemblages in streams that are highly impaired by sediment or hydrologic alteration. We tested this hypothesis in 30 small streams along a gradient of urban disturbance (1–65% urban land cover). Species expected to be sensitive to disturbance (i.e., fluvial specialists and “sensitive” species that respond negatively to urbanization) were best predicted by models including percent forest cover in the riparian corridor and a principal components axis describing sediment disturbance. Only sites with coarse bed sediment and low bed mobility (vs. sites with high amounts of fine sediment) had increased richness and abundances of sensitive species with higher percent riparian forests, supporting our hypothesis that response to riparian forests is contingent on the sediment regime. Abundances of Etheostoma scotti, the federally threatened Cherokee darter, were best predicted by models with single variables representing stormflow (r² = 0.34) and sediment (r² = 0.23) conditions. Lentic-tolerant species richness and abundance responded only to a variable representing prolonged duration of low-flow conditions. For these species, hydrologic alteration overwhelmed any influence of riparian forests on stream biota. These results suggest that, at a minimum, catchment management strategies must simultaneously address hydrologic, sediment, and riparian disturbance in order to protect all aspects of fish assemblage integrity.     

Effects of an Experimental Enrichment of Instream Habitat Heterogeneity on the Stream Bed Morphology and Chironomid Community of a Straightened Section in a Sandy Lowland Stream

A straightened stream stretch with poor habitat heterogeneity was divided into a “control” section with a low amount of submerged woody debris and an experimentally “wood-enriched” downstream section to study the effect of enhanced habitat diversity on the benthic invertebrate community. The downstream section was enriched by fixing 25 wood packages constructed from 9–10 branches on the stream bottom. Succession processes occurring in the two stream sections were compared by chironomid exuviae drift from July to November 2000 and from April to August 2001. During the first sampling period, more drifting chironomid exuviae (medians of control vs. wood-enriched: 446 vs. 331, no significant difference) and total number of taxa (44 vs. 36, Wilcoxon signed-rank test P = 0.019) were recorded for the control section. Although species compositions of both stream sections were highly similar (Sørensen index: 0.83) the diversity in the wood-enriched section was distinctly lower compared to the control section (Shannon–Weaver index: 1.19 vs. 1.50). During the second sampling period, exuviae numbers remained higher in the control section (median: 326 vs. 166), but total numbers of taxa were nearly equal (51 vs. 49), as well as species diversity (Shannon–Weaver index: 1.67 vs. 1.64). The lower chironomid diversity observed during the first sampling period coincided with a gradual but significant change of the streambed morphology in the wood-enriched section. There, the initially more U-shaped profile (V/U = 0.81 ± 0.37) had turned into a pronounced V shape (V/U = 1.14 ± 0.21), whereas the control section retained its unaltered U shape (V/U = 0.62–0.75). This small-scale study on experimental of woody debris in sandy lowland streams showed that the negative impact of increased hydraulic disturbance of the existing streambed more than outweighed any positive impact resulting from the increase in woody debris.