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131.
Hinwood AL Rodriguez C Runnion T Farrar D Murray F Horton A Glass D Sheppeard V Edwards JW Denison L Whitworth T Eiser C Bulsara M Gillett RW Powell J Lawson S Weeks I Galbally I 《Chemosphere》2007,66(3):533-541
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are common volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in urban airsheds. Elevated levels of VOCs have been reported in many airsheds at many locations, particularly those associated with industrial activity, wood heater use and heavy traffic. Exposure to some VOCs has been associated with health risks. There have been limited investigations into community exposures to BTEX using personal monitoring to elucidate the concentrations to which members of the community may be exposed and the main contributors to that exposure. In this cross sectional study we investigated BTEX exposure of 204 non-smoking, non-occupationally exposed people from four Australian cities. Each participant wore a passive BTEX sampler over 24h on five consecutive days in both winter and summer and completed an exposure source questionnaire for each season and a diary for each day of monitoring. The geometric mean (GM) and range of daily BTEX concentrations recorded for the study population were benzene 0.80 (0.04-23.8 ppb); toluene 2.83 (0.03-2120 ppb); ethylbenzene 0.49 (0.03-119 ppb); and xylenes 2.36 (0.04-697 ppb). A generalised linear model was used to investigate significant risk factors for increased BTEX exposure. Activities and locations found to increase personal exposure included vehicle repair and machinery use, refuelling of motor vehicles, being in an enclosed car park and time spent undertaking arts and crafts. A highly significant difference was found between the mean exposures in each of the four cities, which may be explained by differences in fuel composition, differences in the mix and density of industry, density of motor vehicles and air pollution meteorology. 相似文献
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134.
By mainly targeting larger predatory fish, commercial fisheries have indirectly promoted rapid increases in densities of their
prey; smaller predatory fish like sprat, stickleback and gobies. This process, known as mesopredator release, has effectively
transformed many marine offshore basins into mesopredator-dominated ecosystems. In this article, we discuss recent indications
of trophic cascades on the Atlantic and Baltic coasts of Sweden, where increased abundances of mesopredatory fish are linked
to increased nearshore production and biomass of ephemeral algae. Based on synthesis of monitoring data, we suggest that offshore
exploitation of larger predatory fish has contributed to the increase in mesopredator fish also along the coasts, with indirect
negative effects on important benthic habitats and coastal water quality. The results emphasize the need to rebuild offshore
and coastal populations of larger predatory fish to levels where they regain their control over lower trophic levels and important
links between offshore and coastal systems are restored. 相似文献
135.
Andreas Bollhöfer Jenny BrazierChris Humphrey Bruce RyanAndrew Esparon 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(10):964-974
Freshwater mussels, Velesunio angasi, along Magela Creek in Australia’s Northern Territory were examined to study radionuclide activities in mussel flesh and to investigate whether the Ranger Uranium mine is contributing to the radium loads in mussels downstream of the mine. Radium loads in mussels of the same age were highest in Bowerbird Billabong, located 20 km upstream of the mine site. Variations in the ratio of [Ra]:[Ca] in filtered water at the sampling sites accounted for the variations found in mussel radium loads with natural increases in calcium (Ca) in surface waters in a downstream gradient along the Magela Creek catchment gradually reducing radium uptake in mussels. At Mudginberri Billabong, 12 km downstream of the mine, concentration factors for radium have not significantly changed over the past 25 years since the mine commenced operations and this, coupled with a gradual decrease of the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratios observed along the catchment, indicates that the 226Ra accumulated in mussels is of natural rather than mine origin. The 228Th/228Ra ratio has been used to model radium uptake and a radium biological half-life in mussels of approximately 13 years has been determined. The long biological half-life and the low Ca concentrations in the water account for the high radium concentration factor of 30,000-60,000 measured in mussels from the Magela Creek catchment. 相似文献
136.
Johan Eriksson Ulf Skyllberg 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(11):3010-3015
Aniline and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) were equilibrated with particulate (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from an organic soil at different compositions of adsorbed major cations (Na, Al) and pH (aniline: 3.7–5.1, TNT: 4.8–5.0). After separation of POM, concentrations of 14C-labelled aniline and TNT* (including TNT degradation products) were determined in DOM size fractions using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV-detection. Concentrations in the <3.5 kDa size fraction were 2.8–6.0 and 8.5–9.5 times higher for aniline and TNT*, respectively, as compared to the >40 kDa fraction. Thus, both aniline and TNT* were preferentially associated to the smallest DOM size fraction. The significant binding to DOM (similar extent as to POM) and the fact that the <3.5 kDa DOM fraction was less susceptible to flocculation by major metals suggests that the mobility of aniline and TNT is highly affected by the solubility of soil organic matter. 相似文献
137.
Anna Christiansson Johan Eriksson Daniel Teclechiel Åke Bergman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):312-321
Background, aim, and scope Decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE) is used as an additive flame retardant in polymers. It has become a ubiquitous environmental
contaminant, particularly abundant in abiotic media, such as sediments, air, and dust, and also present in wildlife and in
humans. The main DecaBDE constituent, perbrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209), is susceptible to transformations as observed
in experimental work. This work is aimed at identifying and assessing the relative amounts of products formed after UV irradiation
of BDE-209.
Materials and methods BDE-209, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol, or combinations of methanol/water, was exposed to UV light for 100
or 200 min. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (electron ionization) for polybrominated diphenyl
ethers (PBDEs), dibenzofurans (PBDFs), methoxylated PBDEs, and phenolic PBDE products.
Results The products formed were hexaBDEs to nonaBDEs, monoBDFs to pentaBDFs, and methoxylated tetraBDFs to pentaBDFs. The products
found in the fraction containing halogenated phenols were assigned to be pentabromophenol, dihydroxytetrabromobenzene, dihydroxydibromodibenzofuran,
dihydroxytribromodibenzofuran, and dihydroxytetrabromodibenzofuran. The PBDEs accounted for approximately 90% of the total
amount of substances in each sample and the PBDFs for about 10%.
Discussion BDE-209 is a source of PBDEs primarily present in OctaBDEs but also to some extent in PentaBDEs, both being commercial products
now banned within the EU and in several states within the USA. It is notable that OH-PBDFs have not been identified or indicated
in any of the photolysis studies performed to date. Formation of OH-PBDFs, however, may occur as pure radical reactions in
the atmosphere.
Conclusions Photolysis of decaBDE yields a wide span of products, from nonaBDEs to hydroxylated bromobenzenes. It is evident that irradiation
of decaBDE in water and methanol yields OH-PBDFs and MeO-PBDFs, respectively. BDE-202 (2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′-octabromodiphenyl
ether) is identified as a marker of BDE-209 photolysis.
Recommendations and perspectives BDE-209, the main constituent of DecaBDE, is primarily forming debrominated diphenyl ethers with higher persistence which
are more bioaccumulative than the starting material when subjected to UV light. Hence, DecaBDE should be considered as a source
of these PBDE congeners in the environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
138.
For a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel planned in Sweden, the safety assessment covers up to 1 million years. Climate scenarios range from high-end global warming for the coming 100 000 years, through deep permafrost, to large ice sheets during glacial conditions. In contrast, in an existing repository for short-lived waste the activity decays to low levels within a few tens of thousands of years. The shorter assessment period, 100 000 years, requires more focus on climate development over the coming tens of thousands of years, including the earliest possibility for permafrost growth and freezing of the engineered system. The handling of climate and climate change in safety assessments must be tailor-made for each repository concept and waste type. However, due to the uncertain future climate development on these vast time scales, all safety assessments for nuclear waste repositories require a range of possible climate scenarios. 相似文献
139.
The decline in sea cucumber fisheries that serve the Asian dried seafood market has prompted an increase in global sea cucumber
aquaculture. The tropical sandfish (Holothuria scabra) has, in this context, been reared and produced with mixed success. In the Western Indian Ocean, villagers often participate
in the export fishery for sea cucumbers as a source of income. However, with a growing concern of depleted stocks introduction
of hatcheries to farm sandfish as a community livelihood and to replenish wild stocks is being promoted. This review identifies
and discusses a number of aspects that constitute constraints or implications with regard to development of sandfish farming
in the region. The conclusion is that for sandfish farming to live up to its expectations the possible impacts need to be
further studied, and that improved evaluation of ongoing projects is required. In the interim, a precautionary approach toward
new enterprise activities is suggested. 相似文献
140.
Daniele Battegazzore Jenny Alongi Alberto Frache 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2014,22(1):88-98
Natural filler/poly(lactic acid)-Based composites have been prepared by melt blending in order to investigate the resulting thermal, mechanical, and oxygen permeability properties. To this aim, several wastes or by-products (namely, cellulose fibers, wood sawdust, hazelnut shells, flax fibers, corn cob and starch) have been used, ranging from 10 to 30 wt%. The presence of these fillers is responsible of a slight reduction of the polymer degradation temperature in nitrogen as well as of a significant increase of the storage modulus as a function of the filler content. The experimental data obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis have been mathematically fitted, employing three micromechanical models (namely, Voigt, Reuss and Halpin–Tsai). Furthermore, the presence of cellulose or starch has turned out to significantly reduce the polymer oxygen permeability. Finally, in order to fully assess the feasibility of such materials, an economic analysis has been carried out and discussed. 相似文献