我国自然灾害类应急预案评价方法研究(Ⅲ):可操作性评价

从预案执行人员的角度出发,将可操作性评价转化为复杂性评价,并以国家地震应急预案为例,构建针对应急预案结构的可操作性评价方法。该方法由3步完成:首先,应急预案具有由描述性语言组成的特点,分析国内现有应急预案的组织结构,采用语句成分分析的方法对预案中的关键信息和行动进行提取与处置;然后,引入软件工程中的程序流转图,将描述性的预案文本转换为包含行动以及它们之间逻辑与层次关系的结构控制图;最后,借鉴度量软件复杂性的方法,定义了结构控制图的内部复杂度和综合复杂度等一系列指标,用于应急预案的复杂性即可操作性评价。评价结果可为完善和修订应急预案提供科学依据。     

Mass Load-Based Pollution Management of the Han River and Its Tributaries, Korea

Spatio-temporal variations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total coliform (TC) in the Han River, Korea, were investigated in terms of concentration-based and mass loading-based approaches. Considering the river water quality criteria regulated by the Ministry of Environment in Korea, the tributaries linked to the mainstream of the Han River were found to be highly contaminated with respect to both BOD and TC and, in fact, most of the tributaries exceeded the maximum water quality criteria. To evaluate the pollution impact of tributaries on the mainstream, the monthly water quality monitoring data for six years (from 1995 to 2000) were collected from the Han River basin, and statistically analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results revealed that mass loading-based approach was superior to the concentration-based approach for effective Han River watershed management. Overall results supported that the mass loading-based approach associated with total maximum daily loads (TMDL) management would be a useful and suitable protocol in watershed management for improving the water quality of the Han River and protecting public health. Therefore, this study supporting TMDL management can be applicable to a wide array of contaminants and watershed settings in Korea.     

Perceived landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development in the Peak District National Park,England

This study explored the public perceptions of mobile telecommunications development – new landscape elements installed to deliver new technology – in a protected area. It examined: (1) the perceived landscape impacts of such development; (2) the importance attached to the socio-economic value of mobile telecommunications; and (3) the factors underlying the perceived landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development. A postal questionnaire survey was conducted in the Peak District National Park, England with 420 respondents drawn from National Park residents and visitors, urban dwellers and members of environmental organisations. The study suggests that: (1) there was a prevailing antipathy towards the landscape impacts of mobile telecommunications development in the National Park; (2) apart from emergency uses, the other socio-economic benefits of mobile telecommunications technology were thought to be relatively unimportant in the National Park; and (3) rather than socio-demographic characteristics, it was respondents' understandings of protected areas' needs for the technology and potential health risks that had significant effects on the perceived landscape impacts. Overall, this study suggests that the significance of National Park landscapes is respected by the public, even when setalongside the convenience of modern technology, which has substantial implications for landscape planning and management in protected areas.     

Preparation of Alginic Acid and Metal Alginate from Algae and their Comparative Study

Alginic acid and metal alginates are prepared from fresh algae using extraction method. A FTIR spectrum indicates that alginic acid is converted into the metal alginate. Comparing calcium and cobalt alginates, asymmetric stretching of free carboxyl group of calcium alginate at 1630 cm⁻¹ is shifted to 1585 cm⁻¹ in cobalt alginate, due to the change of charge density, radius and atomic weight of the cation, creating a new environment around the carbonyl group. The strong exothermic peak of alginic acid in DSC thermogram indicates the decomposition of biopolymer, whereas strong exothermic peak of metal alginate in DSC thermogram attributed to the decomposition of biopolymer and formation of respective carbonate. Based on DSC study, the decomposition of cobalt alginate occurs at higher temperature comparing to those of sodium and calcium alginate, which may conclude into the higher stability of cobalt alginate. TGA results reveal that, cobalt alginate is more stable than calcium and sodium alginate at 300 °C temperature. Surface morphology (at same magnification), as well as porosity (%) and pore size distribution results change with metals present in different metal alginates.     

饮用水源水质监测中阴离子表面活性剂快速分析方法

在饮用水源水质例行监测工作中,由于阴离子表面活性剂浓度极低,处于未检出浓度水平,因此可考虑将亚甲蓝分光光度法加以改进,设置最低检出浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准1/2浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准浓度样等系列参考样,来配制一个标准色阶,通过目视比色,确定出水样的浓度,以实现快速测定和减少有毒试剂用量,降低监测成本,提高工作效率.     

Sorption of nonpolar neutral organic compounds to humic acid-coated sands: contributions of organic and mineral components

The contributions of organic matter and the mineral surface to the overall sorption of six nonpolar neutral organic compounds (1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, m-xylene, toluene, benzene) by five humic acid (HA)-coated sands with different fractions of organic carbon (f(oc)) ranging from 0.024% to 0.154% were evaluated on the basis of measured data and four different sorption models. Sorption of all six sorbates to both uncoated and heated sands was nearly linear due to the coverage of hydrophilic mineral surface with the ordered vicinal water region. Sorption of all six sorbates to the HA-coated sands was also essentially linear, and resulted from a combination of sorption to both organic matter and the mineral surface, with the dominance of either contribution depending on the properties of the sorbents (e.g., f(oc)) and the sorbates (e.g., K(ow)). A proposed two-component model for sorption including blocking effect was appropriate for quantifying the contributions of organic matter and the mineral surface to the overall sorption. However, conventional sorption models considering the contributions of both organic matter and the mineral surface provided essentially as good agreement between predicted and measured distribution coefficients as the more complicated, two-component model for sorption that takes into account mineral surface blocking by HA.     

PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in water samples from the Three Gorge Reservoir

The Three Gorge Reservoir (TGR) is the largest reservoir in China and its water quality is an important health concern, we have determined the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs in the water samples collected at three seasons: August 2004, January 2005 and August 2005. The results showed that the average WHO-TEQ of total dioxins-like compounds (PCDDs/PCDFs+PCBs) was 0.06558 pg l(-1), ranged from 0.0008 to 0.32439 pg l(-1), which are much lower than other reported water sources. The main dioxins (PCDDs/PCDFs) are hepta- and octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs). Since the levels of dioxins may change after the last water-store stage, the present study provides important data to compare the water quality in the TGR in the future.     

Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plant, shellfish and sediment samples from Laizhou Bay in China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are potentially harmful and persistent environmental pollutants. PBDEs concentrations are reported in plant, shellfish and sediment samples collected from Chinese Laizhou Bay. The summation operator(11)PBDE concentrations in plant and shellfish samples from Laizhou Bay were in the range of 70-5900ngg(-1) and 230-720ngg(-1) lipid, respectively. The summation operator(11)PBDEs concentrations in river sediment intervals samples ranged from 1.3 to 1800ng g(-1) dry weight. Pearson correlation analyses were performed on concentrations of PBDEs congeners of different sediment sample intervals. There were significant positive correlations for BDE 28 and BDE 100 (r=0.945, p<0.01), BDE 47 and BDE 99 (r=0.879, p<0.01), BDE 153 and BDE 154 (r=0.934, p<0.01), nona-BDEs and BDE 209 (r>0.934, p<0.01). BDE 209 was the predominant congener in all analyzed samples, consistent with the fact that deca-BDE technical mixtures are the dominant PBDEs product in Laizhou Bay. Data showed that PBDEs should be considered as an increasing pollution problem in the Laizhou Bay region.     

Catalytic reduction of sulfur dioxide with carbon monoxide over tin dioxide for direct sulfur recovery process

SO(2) reduction by CO over SnO(2) catalyst was studied in this work. The parameters were the reaction temperature, space velocity (GHSV) and [CO]/[SO(2)] molar ratio. The optimal temperature, GHSV and [CO]/[SO(2)] molar ratio were 550 degrees C, 8000 h(-1) and 2.0, respectively. Under these conditions, the SO(2) conversion and sulfur selectivity were about 78% and 68%, respectively. The following reaction pathway involving two mechanisms was proposed in SO(2) reduction by CO over SnO(2) catalyst: in the first step involving Redox mechanism, the elemental sulfur was produced by the mobility of the lattice oxygen between SO(2) and SnO(2) surface. In the second step, COS was formed by the side reaction between elemental sulfur and CO or metal sulfide and CO. In the third step involving COS intermediate mechanism, the abundant elemental sulfur was produced by the SO(2) reduction by COS which was produced in the second step and was more effective reducing agent than CO.