钻井废水的生物强化处理简

从受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选菌株进行生物处理实验,确定7株菌进行菌剂配伍。通过正交实验剔除可能有抑制作用的菌株,并确定菌剂各组成菌株的最佳配比,制成复合微生物菌剂。考察5种添加物对菌剂的影响,结果显示,当硫酸铵的添加量为20 mg/L时降解率为60%,高于其他添加物。生物强化实验结果显示,投加菌剂的反应器对钻井废水的平均降解率为42%,比未投加菌剂的对照实验的平均降解率（16%）高,而且耐冲击负荷性和降解性能稳定性优于对照实验。     

李氏禾人工湿地净化Cr(Ⅵ)污染水体的性能研究简

利用湿生铬超富集植物李氏禾构建的三段式波形潜流式人工湿地,研究了湿地系统对Cr（Ⅵ）污染水体的净化效果。结果显示,李氏禾湿地系统对Cr（Ⅵ）污染水体的净化效果明显好于无植物的对照。当进水Cr（Ⅵ）浓度为2.50 mg/L时,李氏禾湿地系统出水Cr（Ⅵ）浓度显著低于对照,说明李氏禾在湿地系统净化Cr（Ⅵ）污染水体中发挥了重要的作用。当进水Cr（Ⅵ）浓度超标150倍（7.50 mg/L）时,李氏禾湿地系统出水Cr（Ⅵ）浓度仍可达到国家地表水环境质量标准（0.05 mg/L）,表明李氏禾湿地系统具有很强的Cr（Ⅵ）污染净化能力。沿程Cr（Ⅵ）浓度的变化显示,湿地系统对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率随水流方向逐渐降低,Cr（Ⅵ）主要在湿地系统的前两个阶段被去除。     

多效膜蒸馏技术浓缩回收废水中的二甲基亚砜

利用具有内部潜热回收功能的气隙式多效膜蒸馏(MEMD)组件对含二甲基亚砜(DMSO)的化纤废水进行了浓缩回收研究,考察了料液中DMSO浓度、进料流量、进料温度和膜侧进口温度对膜通量、造水比、分离因子和回收率的影响。结果表明,多效膜蒸馏可以将DMSO废水浓缩至200~300 g/L;初始浓度为6.2 g/L时,造水比和分离因子最高值分别为12.4和76.0;虽然膜通量、造水比和分离因子均随料液浓度增大而下降,但是当DMSO浓度达到200 g/L时,膜通量、造水比、分离因子仍分别高达3.74 L/(m2·h)、7.1、32.1;在整个浓缩过程中,回收率维持在99.6%以上;当DMSO废水浓缩达到150 g/L以上时,含有少量DMSO的渗透液可作为二次料液继续用MEMD过程浓缩。膜组件在连续运行的1个月内保持了良好的操作性能。该实验研究表明,多效膜蒸馏过程可以高效节能地浓缩回收化纤废水中的DMSO。     

好氧颗粒污泥法处理石化废水

实验以吉林石化污水处理厂初沉池出水为原水在SBR中培养好氧颗粒污泥。实验初期,依次以比例为40%、60%的含石化废水的培养液进行培养,于第15天SBR中出现颗粒污泥,此后直接采用石化废水培养,同时逐步缩短沉降时间,第27天起反应器出水稳定,COD去除率达到89%,TN、NH3-N和TP去除率分别达到56%、86%和90%。采用此方法培养的颗粒污泥平均粒径约为1.3 mm,外表棕黄色,颗粒表面粗糙,在扫描电子显微镜(SEM)下观察到好氧颗粒污泥主要由杆状菌和丝状菌组成,颗粒内部存在若干孔隙。研究结果表明,在SBR中通过逐步增加石化废水进水比例,缩短沉降时间可以快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥,好氧颗粒污泥处理石化废水效果良好。     

Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea: a case study in Qingdao City,China

At present, the monitoring network of China cannot provide sufficient data to estimate land-based pollutant loads that enter the sea, and estimation methods are imprecisely used. In this study, the selection of monitoring stations, monitoring frequency, and pollutant load estimation methods was studied in Qingdao City, a typical coastal city in China, taken as an example. Land-based pollutant loads from Qingdao were estimated, and load distribution, density, and composition were analyzed to identify the key pollution source regions (SRs) that need to be monitored and controlled. Results show that the administrative land area of Qingdao can be divided into 25 sea-sink source regions (SSRs). A total of 14 more rivers and 62 industrial enterprises should be monitored to determine the comprehensive pollutant loads of the city. Furthermore, the monitoring frequency of rivers should not be less than three times/year; a monitoring frequency of five or more times is preferable. The findings on pollutant load estimation with the use of different estimation methods substantially vary; estimation results with the use of ratio-based methods were 10 and 22 % higher than those with the use of monitoring-based methods in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. None-point sources contributed the majority of the pollutant loads at about 70 % of the total COD and 60 % of the total TN.     

基于SLEUTH模型的滇池流域城市扩展模拟分析

通过滇池流域1992～2010年城市扩张研究,发现城市建设用地增长主要表现为两种形态：一是边缘增长,表现为城市建成区范围不断扩大;二是道路影响增长,表现为环滇池道路两边新城市单元的产生。基于滇池流域城市扩展变化遥感数据,对SLEUTH城市扩展模型进行校准,模拟30 a间（2010～2040年）3种预案下的昆明城市扩展变化过程,并对模拟结果进行分析。3种模拟预测结果表明：任意管理预案下城市无序扩张,大量农林用地被城市建设用地占用,人口和城市建设用地呈现爆发式增长,滇池沿岸被城市包围,会对滇池水环境产生极大的压力;土地总量控制预案下城市的发展完全按照城市总体规划内容进行,没有考虑城市实际发展过程中的经济、人口等因素影响,没有达到滇池生态环境保护的需要;生态环境保护预案下,能相对有效控制建设用地,减少对农林用地、湿地的侵占,利于滇池环境保护。预测发现,从滇池流域水资源现状来看,即使实施了环境保护模式,人均水资源量仍处于“严重短缺”状态。需要通过调整昆明城镇体系和产业布局,降低城市首位度和人口;采取更为严格的空间管制策略,有效控制城市空间扩展,以减少对滇池流域的环境压力     

基于HHT的三峡水库蓄水后坝下游水情多尺度时频特征

利用基于噪声辅助经验模态分解（EEMD）的改进型希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）,对三峡蓄水后8 a的三峡日入库、出库流量和坝下各水文站日水情信号进行多尺度时频分析,并与连续小波和离散小波变换进行异同性比较。结果表明,三峡蓄水后2004～2011年三峡日入库、出库流量和宜昌、大通站日径流量均具显著的1 a尺度主周期振荡规律,三峡季节性调蓄对坝下流量1 a尺度的主周期振荡规律无显著影响。三峡蓄水后河口北支江水位的半月主周期振荡特征始终占主导地位,表明三峡调蓄影响下上游来水量变化对河口北支水位波动的影响权重小于河口自身海潮波动的影响权重。与离散小波变换固定频带下的信号分解比较,基于HHT的水文信号多尺度分解有更好的自适应性;与连续小波变换比较,HHT方法在水文信号高频部分周期振荡特征的揭示和频域混叠现象的避免方面更具优势     

土地生态系统定量评价初探

选取了基本代表土地生态系统质量优劣的土地侵蚀、土地污染、土壤肥力、土地干化-沙化、土地污染盐碱化等指标体系,采用模糊数学方法,对土地生态系统进行定量评价,并以石家庄市为例对评价方法及过程进行了验证。     

有机污染土壤通风去污技术优化设计

有机污染土壤通风去污技术（SVE）是一种经济,安全的场内治理技术,SVE优化设计包括建立污染土壤通风去污模型和抽排去污流场模型,并以此为基础算工程费用,用一虚拟工况对提出的模型及计算公式进行了验证。     

Causes of haze in the Columbia River Gorge

Visibility impairment in the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area is an area of concern. A field study conducted from July 2003 to February 2005 was followed by data analysis and receptor modeling to better understand the temporal and spatial patterns of haze and the sources contributing to the haze in the Columbia River Gorge in the states of Washington and Oregon. The nephelometer light scattering and surface meteorological data at eight sites along the gorge showed five distinct wind patterns, each with its characteristic diurnal and spatial patterns in light scattering by particles (bsp). In summer, winds were nearly always from west to east (upgorge) and showed decreasing bsp with distance into the gorge and a pronounced effect of the Portland, OR, metropolitan area on haze, especially in the western portions of the gorge. Winter often had winds from the east with very high levels of bsp, especially at the eastern gorge sites, with sources east of the gorge responsible for much of the haze. The major chemical components responsible for haze were organic carbon, sulfate, and nitrate. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) using chemically speciated Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments data indicated seven source factors in the western gorge and five factors in the eastern gorge. Organic mass is a large contributor to haze in the gorge in all seasons, with a peak in fall. The PMF analysis suggests that approximately half of the organic mass is biomass smoke, with mobile sources as the second largest contributor. PMF analysis showed nitrates (important in fall and winter) mainly attributed to a generic secondary nitrate factor, with the next largest contributor being oil combustion at Mt. Zion, WA and mobile sources at Wishram, WA. Sulfate is a significant contributor in all seasons, with peak sulfate concentrations in summer.