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71.
Miao Z Trevisan M Capri E Padovani L Del Re AA 《Journal of environmental quality》2004,33(6):2217-2228
Model predictions are often seriously affected by uncertainties arising from many sources. Ignoring the uncertainty associated with model predictions may result in misleading interpretations when the model is used by a decision-maker for risk assessment. In this paper, an analysis of uncertainty was performed to estimate the uncertainty of model predictions and to screen out crucial variables using a Monte Carlo stochastic approach and a number of statistical methods, including ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. The model studied was RICEWQ (Version 1.6.1), which was used to forecast pesticide fate in paddy fields. The results demonstrated that the paddy runoff concentration predicted by RICEWQ was in agreement with field measurements and the model can be applied to simulate pesticide fate at field scale. Model uncertainty was acceptable, runoff predictions conformed to a log-normal distribution with a short right tail, and predictions were reliable at field scale due to the narrow spread of uncertainty distribution. The main contribution of input variables to model uncertainty resulted from spatial (sediment-water partition coefficient and mixing depth to allow direct partitioning to bed) and management (time and rate of application) parameters, and weather conditions. Therefore, these crucial parameters should be carefully parameterized or precisely determined in each site-specific paddy field before the application of the model, since small errors of these parameters may induce large uncertainty of model outputs. 相似文献
72.
73.
Antibiotics may appear in the environment when manure, sewage sludge, and other organic amendments are added to soils. There is concern that the presence of antibiotics in soils may lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which may spread to the rest of the environment. This paper aims at evaluating the sorption kinetics of two antibiotics frequently used in pig production. The results indicate that sorption of chlortetracycline (CTC) and tylosin (TYL) in sandy loam and clay occurs very fast. More than 95% of the CTC adsorption is completed within 10 min on both soils and of TYL within 3 h. These results suggest that 24-h soil and antibiotic solution mixtures is enough for sorption studies. Also, there is less likelihood that these antibiotics will leach through soil and appear in the ground water since their sorption on soils is very high unless they are carried by soil particles through preferential flow. There was also no effect of soil sterilization on sorption kinetics of these antibiotics thus suggesting that there is minimal probability of the antibiotics degrading by microorganisms during 24- to 48-h adsorption studies. 相似文献
74.
Larissa Brizhik Emilio Del Giudice Sven E. Jørgensen Nadia Marchettini Enzo Tiezzi 《Ecological modelling》2009
It is discussed that the electromagnetic potential can cause the emergence of the coherent structures that in view of their coherence, openness and non-linearity, are able to self-organize and form various hierarchical levels of ecosystems. In the meantime the electromagnetic potential is also the physical agent acting as a messenger in these coherent structures. So it plays the task of reducing the number of independent microstates of a coherent system, becoming a candidate for implementing the concept of negentropy. Electromagnetic potential is shown to be essential for the self-organization and the time evolution of ecosystems, providing the mechanism for their non-locality, complexity and self-consistency (self-maintaining). 相似文献
75.
Myriam Villatoro-Pulido Rafael Font Sara Obregón-Cano Rafael Moreno-Rojas Manuel Ángel Amaro-López Jauoad Anter Andrés Muñoz-Serrano Antonio De Haro Bailón Ángeles Alonso-Moraga Mercedes Del Río-Celestino 《Chemosphere》2013
Rocket is an important source of essential elements. However, it may also accumulate toxic elements such as metal(oids). The objectives of the present work were (i) to study the uptake of arsenic, lead, cadmium and zinc in rocket grown in contaminated soils, (ii) to establish the genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of this vegetable material, and (iii) to study the modulator role of the glucosinolate and metal contents in the genotoxic/cytotoxic activities. Lead, cadmium and zinc leaf concentrations in our study were over the concentrations allowed by the statutory limit set for metal(oid) contents in vegetables. The accessions were non genotoxic at the different concentrations studied, although one of the accessions showed the highest mutation rates doubling those of negative control. The cytotoxicity assays with HL60 human leukaemia cells showed that the tumouricide activities of rocket leaves decreased with the increasing of metal(oid) concentrations and also with the decreasing of glucosinolate concentrations in their tissues. An interaction between metal(oid)s and glucosinolate degradation products contained in rocket leaves is suggested as the main modulator agents of the biological activity of the plants grown in metal-contaminated soils. 相似文献
76.
Nitrogen (N) application to crops generally results in increased nitrous oxide (NO) emissions. Commercially available, enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers were evaluated for their potential to reduce NO emissions from a clay loam soil compared with conventionally used granular urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizers in an irrigated strip-till (ST) corn ( L.) production system. Enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers evaluated were a controlled-release, polymer-coated urea (ESN), stabilized urea, and UAN products containing nitrification and urease inhibitors (SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus), and UAN containing a slow-release N source (Nfusion). Each N source was surface-band applied (202 kg N ha) at corn emergence and watered into the soil the next day. A subsurface-band ESN treatment was included. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during two growing seasons using static, vented chambers and a gas chromatograph analyzer. All N sources had significantly lower growing season NO emissions than granular urea, with UAN+AgrotainPlus and UAN+Nfusion having lower emissions than UAN. Similar trends were observed when expressing NO emissions on a grain yield and N uptake basis. Loss of NO-N per kilogram of N applied was <0.8% for all N sources. Corn grain yields were not different among N sources but greater than treatments with no N applied. Selection of N fertilizer source can be a mitigation practice for reducing NO emissions in strip-till, irrigated corn in semiarid areas. 相似文献
77.
Michael E. Soulé James A. Estes † Joel Berger ‡ Carlos Martinez Del Rio§ 《Conservation biology》2003,17(5):1238-1250
78.
Enhancing Conservation,Ecosystem Services,and Local Livelihoods through a Wildlife Premium Mechanism
Eric Dinerstein Keshav Varma Eric Wikramanayake George Powell Susan Lumpkin Robin Naidoo Mike Korchinsky Christian Del Valle Shubash Lohani John Seidensticker Dirk Joldersma Thomas Lovejoy Andrey Kushlin 《Conservation biology》2013,27(1):14-23
We propose the wildlife premium mechanism as an innovation to conserve endangered large vertebrates. The performance‐based payment scheme would allow stakeholders in lower‐income countries to generate revenue by recovering and maintaining threatened fauna that can also serve as umbrella species (i.e., species whose protection benefits other species with which they co‐occur). There are 3 possible options for applying the premium: option 1, embed premiums in a carbon payment; option 2, link premiums to a related carbon payment, but as independent and legally separate transactions; option 3, link premiums to noncarbon payments for conserving ecosystem services (PES). Each option presents advantages, such as incentive payments to improve livelihoods of rural poor who reside in or near areas harboring umbrella species, and challenges, such as the establishment of a subnational carbon credit scheme. In Kenya, Peru, and Nepal pilot premium projects are now underway or being finalized that largely follow option 1. The Kasigau (Kenya) project is the first voluntary carbon credit project to win approval from the 2 leading groups sanctioning such protocols and has already sold carbon credits totaling over $1.2 million since June 2011. A portion of the earnings is divided among community landowners and projects that support community members and has added over 350 jobs to the local economy. All 3 projects involve extensive community management because they occur on lands where locals hold the title or have a long‐term lease from the government. The monitoring, reporting, and verification required to make premium payments credible to investors include transparent methods for collecting data on key indices by trained community members and verification of their reporting by a biologist. A wildlife premium readiness fund would enable expansion of pilot programs needed to test options beyond those presented here. Mejora de la Conservación, Servicios del Ecosistema y Calidad de Vida Local Mediante un Mecanismo de Compensación de Vida Silvestre 相似文献
79.
In the present work desorption tests of an artificially contaminated soil by naphatelene sulphonated compounds have been carried out by soil washing realised by water at different pH: Naphtalene-1,5-disulfonic acid (1-5 NDS), 2-naphthol-6,8 disulphonic acid (G-acid) and sodium beta-naphtalene-sulphonate (beta-salt) have been selected as more representative organic compounds present in the ex industrial site of ACNA (Cengio, SV, Italy) in which very serious contamination levels of several pollutants are present both in the soils and surface waters. Equilibrium batch tests have been carried out in order to find the best operative condition in column washing tests. The obtained results can be considered very preliminary but useful to arrange a next experimental work that will be realised on real contaminated soils. 相似文献
80.
Leonardo?Alberto?Rios?OsorioEmail author Manuel?Ortiz?Lobato Xavier?álvarez?Del?Castillo 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2005,7(4):501-518
The paper analyzes the concept of sustainable development in the light of the different interpretations existing on the issue
since its appearance and establishment as an ideal to lead humanity’s line of progress. Within these interpretations, a characteristic
generation of diverse debates can be appreciated, arising from different perspectives, academic as well as ideological, aiming
at describing, clarifying and determining their conceptual reach.
Based on these facts a model of categorization for these debates has developed, a model in which interpretations generated
on the concept of sustainable development were catalogued into four realms: conceptual, contextual, academic and geopolitical.
The configuration of these four areas of debate, as well as the recognition of the diversity of interpretations existing on
sustainable development, is a reflection of the intrinsic complexity of the phenomena, which affect the natural and social
world, both at the local and global level. The analysis of this complexity is based on the subjectivity, which is inherent
to the interpretation of these phenomena, with permanent reference to the cultural context from which the diverse discourses
were structured.
This global perspective on the state-of-the-art controversy concerning the idea of sustainable development as an articulatory
axis reveals the necessity of building epistemological models, which can give a new direction to scientific research. From
these new models, based on the analysis of the holistic character of reality, the subjective and the objective must be integrated
in the generation of knowledge, which contributes usefully to the unceasing reconstruction of our world-(view).
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献