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221.
222.
Białk-Bielińska A Maszkowska J Mrozik W Bielawska A Kołodziejska M Palavinskas R Stepnowski P Kumirska J 《Chemosphere》2012,86(10):1059-1065
Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the oldest groups of veterinary chemotherapeutic agents. As these compounds are not completely metabolized in animals, a high proportion of the native form is excreted in feces and urine. They are therefore released either directly to the environment in aquacultures and by grazing animals, or indirectly during the application of manure or slurry. Once released into the environment, SAs become distributed among various environmental compartments and may be transported to surface or ground waters. The physicochemical properties of SAs, dosage and nature of the matrix are the factors mainly responsible for their distribution in the natural environment. Although these rather polar compounds have been in use for over half a century, knowledge of their fate and behavior in soil ecosystems is still limited. Therefore, in this work we have determined the sorption potential of sulfadimethoxine and sulfaguanidine on various natural soils. The influence on sorption of external factors, such as ionic strength and pH, were also determined. The sorption coefficients (Kd) obtained for the sulfonamides investigated were quite low (from 0.20 to 381.17 mL g−1 for sulfadimethoxine and from 0.39 to 35.09 mL g−1 for sulfaguanidine), which indicated that these substances are highly mobile and have the potential to run off into surface waters and/or infiltrate ground water. Moreover, the sorption of these pharmaceuticals was found to be influenced by OC, soil solution pH and ionic strength, with higher Kd values for soils of higher OC and lower Kd values with increasing pH and ionic strength. 相似文献
223.
Human perception of in-channel wood can influence decision-making about wood reintroduction in watercourses for restoration purposes. A questionnaire survey was conducted among first-year and advanced Polish students and professionals involved in the management and protection of watercourses in Poland. The purpose was to assess their perception of river scenes with and without wood in terms of naturalness, aesthetics, danger and need for improvement. Generally, students perceived riverscapes with wood to be less aesthetic, more dangerous and needing more improvement than riverscapes without wood. However, many aspects of the riverscape perception are subject to changes as the student progresses in studying. The culturally conditioned, negative perception of in-channel wood is reduced during the education of geography and biology students but enhanced in the course of water engineering studies. The improved perception of watercourses containing wood was most pronounced for the advanced geography students from a university in which some tutors conducted research on in-channel wood and could have transferred knowledge about and positive attitudes toward wood to their students. A comparison of the riverscape evaluation by biology students and national park managers indicates that education in the discipline facilitates understanding of the environmental significance of in-channel wood although its effects are highly insufficient to form the positive attitude toward wood-containing watercourses typical of the managers. In turn, the education of water engineering students about in-channel wood apparently dominantly emphasizes threats caused by its presence in watercourses, so that the students' highly negative attitude toward wood needs to be significantly moderated when the graduates begin working as water authority managers. 相似文献
224.
Claudia Gaebel Jamie R. Lead Joanna C. Renshaw John H. Tellam 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2009,108(1-2):46-53
The objective of this study was to determine if there is a nanoscale surface film on aquifer-like materials exposed to deep groundwaters, as has previously been found on surfaces exposed to surface and soil waters. Such surface films will modify surface properties that are so important in determining the mobility of many groundwater pollutants. Muscovite mica was used because a) it is a good analogue for the main sorbing phases of many clastic aquifers and b) its cleavage planes are atomically flat allowing high resolution imaging. Freshly-cleaved muscovite plates were exposed to groundwater from a sandstone aquifer for 30 min, and surface properties (morphology, coverage, roughness and tip–substrate force interactions) were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A patchy surface film of several nanometres in depth, incorporating larger separate particles, was found on the mica surface. This film was associated with significantly increased roughness values and AFM probe–sample interaction forces compared with pure water and inorganic (synthetic groundwater) solution controls. Although the results reported are preliminary in nature, if confirmed, such films are likely to affect sorption reactions, surface-facilitated redox interactions, non-aqueous phase liquid wetting angles, and colloid–pathogen–rock attachment, and will thus be of importance in understanding natural attenuation and migration of dissolved, non-aqueous and particulate phases in groundwaters. 相似文献
225.
Joanna Endter‐Wada Judith Kurtzman Sean P. Keenan Roger K. Kjelgren Christopher M.U. Neale 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(4):902-920
Abstract: Landscape water conservation is an important issue for municipalities throughout the Western United States, and especially in Utah as rapid growth strains existing water supplies. We conducted interdisciplinary research in Layton, Utah, that aimed at understanding patterns of landscape water use among households and businesses. The research project involved three basic tasks. First, a landscape “water budget” was developed by producing a calibrated and classified mosaic of landscape type and area from airborne multispectral digital imagery, integrating this information with Layton City parcel boundary data to determine landscape vegetated areas per lot, and estimating irrigation needs derived from reference evapotranspiration (ETo) obtained using weather data for the Salt Lake City metropolitan region. Second, utilizing Layton water billing data, water use for each household and business was identified and categorized as “conserving,”“acceptable” or “wasteful” by determining how much the water applied varied from actual landscape plant need. Third, surveys were administered to a random stratified sample of households and businesses in the study area to investigate various factors that were hypothesized to be predictive of wasteful watering practices. This paper primarily focuses on analysis of the household and business survey data, which explores factors affecting urban landscape water use from a human behavioral perspective. We found that the most significant factors predicting actual water use were the type of irrigation system and whether the location was a household or business. Attitudinal and motivational characteristics were not consistently associated with water use. We found that wasteful watering is the result of many factors embedded in the complex context of urban landscapes. This implies that water conservation programs should identify potential wasteful users through analyses of water billing data and direct water conservation measures at these users by focusing on site‐specific evaluations and recommendations. Water audits or water checks are one such tool that some communities have employed to help people understand and assess the quantity of water needed by and applied to their landscapes. This approach provides an opportunity to evaluate situational constraints at particular locations and design appropriate strategies for reducing water waste. 相似文献
226.
Williams AJ Deck J Freeman JP Paul Chiarelli M Adjei MD Heinze TM Sutherland JB 《Chemosphere》2007,67(2):240-243
The metabolism of the antibacterial fluoroquinolone drug flumequine by Cunninghamella elegans was investigated using cultures grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth with 308microM flumequine. The cultures were extracted with ethyl acetate; metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Flumequine was transformed to two diastereomers of 7-hydroxyflumequine (23 and 43% of the total chromatographic peak area at 280nm) and 7-oxoflumequine (11% of the total peak area). This is the first time that the two 7-hydroxy diastereomers have been characterized structurally; the hydroxyflumequines are known to have less antimicrobial activity than flumequine. 相似文献
227.
The Odiel salt marshes (Marismas del Odiel) are an important nature area declared a Biosphere Reserve, but they are greatly
affected by pollution from the Odiel River. Surface sediments from this area were analysed using the latest version of the
BCR sequential extraction procedure to determine the fractionation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn among four geochemical
phases (acid-soluble, reducible, oxidisable and residual). The total content of each of the metals and As was also determined.
The results showed high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, with maximums of 791 mg kg−1 of As, 8.5 mg kg−1 of Cd, 2,740 mg kg−1 of Cu, 1,580 mg kg−1 of Pb and 3,920 mg kg−1 of Zn. The concentrations of Cr, Mn and Ni were low since there are no sources of pollution by them in the area. A comparison
of the metal and As levels with the sediment quality guidelines showed that the pollution is sufficient to produce noxious
effects in aquatic organisms in most of the Odiel salt marshes. Based on the chemical distribution of the elements, it was
found that Cd and Zn were the most mobile (i.e., elements that can pass easily into the water under changing environmental
conditions). However, Cr, Fe, Ni and As were present in the greatest percentages in the residual fraction, which implies that
these elements are strongly linked to the sediments. 相似文献
228.
Burger J Greenberg M Gochfeld M Shukla S Lowrie K Keren R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):413-425
Considerable research indicates that a wide range of socio-economic factors influence attitudes and perceptions about environmental
hazards and risks, and that social trust in those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgements about risks and
benefits. We suggest that there are three steps that lead to environmental risk perceptions: acquisition of information, interpretation
and synthesis of different pieces of information, and understanding of that information in light of previous knowledge, perceptions,
or attitudes. In this study we presented 211 college students in the sciences and non-sciences with ecological and exposure
information using text, tables and maps to examine the factors that affect information acquisition and interpretation concerning
ecological issues at a fictitious hazardous waste site. Students were allowed about an hour to read the materials and answer
questions. The percent of students answering each question correctly varied from 4 to 82%, indicating that some questions
were extremely difficult to answer. We attributed these differences to variations in the number of places information was
presented (in text, tables, maps, or a combination) and the complexity of the information (how many pieces of information
were required to answer the question correctly). The correlation between the number of students answering each question correctly
and these combined measures (frequency, complexity) was −0.72. Thus, although there were differences in accuracy concerning
ecological information as presented in this study, the major differences were accounted for by how the information was presented,
and how much information was required. This suggests that risk communicators should carefully determine which ecological information
is critical for the target audience, and ensure that it is presented several times (in different forms). That a lower percentage
of people correctly answered questions that required synthesizing several pieces of information suggests that this complexity
should be reduced where possible, or that the pieces of information should be tied clearly to the conclusion. Self-declaration
of effort and perceptions of safety of the site did not markedly influence the relationship between accuracy, difficulty of
finding information, and complexity of information. Other possible confounding variables (i.e., science vs non-science major)
only accounted for about 27% of the variation in student’s overall score on ecological questions; age, ethnicity, and gender
did not enter as significant variables. We cannot manage environmental hazards with appropriate stakeholder input unless we
understand how to present environmental information to achieve a full understanding. Protection of human health and the environment
requires that people understand ecological and exposure information, particularly on buffer lands. 相似文献
229.
The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs were measured in sediment samples collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk, the Gdańsk Deep, the Vistula Lagoon and the off-shore waters in the southern Baltic Sea. The determinations were conducted in the fraction <63 μm. The highest levels of pollutants were found in sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Gdańsk Deep. In these sediments, concentrations of pp'-DDT and its metabolites (pp'-DDE and pp'-DDD) ranged from 2 to 11 μg kg(-1) dw. Concentrations of HCB were between 0.1 and 1.0 μg kg(-1) dw. Concentrations of the sum of α-, β-, γ-HCH were between 0.3 and 2.58 μg kg(-1) dw. Concentrations of marker PCBs ranged from about 2 to 11 μg kg(-1) dry weight. Total TEQ PCDD/F/dl-PCB values in the studied samples varied between 1 and 18 ng kg(-1) dw. The data were evaluated in terms of ecotoxicological criteria based on the environmental impact of the pollutant effects. Our research indicated that in the sediment from the southern Baltic Sea, the PCDD/F and PCBs occurred at concentrations which could be dangerous to marine organisms. 相似文献
230.
Burger J Gochfeld M Jeitner C Snigaroff D Snigaroff R Stamm T Volz C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,143(1-3):247-256
Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium were examined in the down feathers and eggs of female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska to determine whether there were (1) differences between levels in feathers and eggs, (2) differences between the two islands, (3) positive correlations between metal levels in females and their eggs, and (4) whether there was more variation within or among clutches. Mean levels in eggs (dry weight) were as follows: arsenic (769 ppb, ng/g), cadmium (1.49 ppb), chromium (414 ppb), lead (306 ppb), manganese (1,470 ppb), mercury (431 ppb) and selenium (1,730 ppb). Levels of arsenic were higher in eggs, while chromium, lead, manganese, and mercury were higher in feathers; there were no differences for selenium. There were no significant interisland differences in female feather levels, except for manganese (eider feathers from Amchitka were four times higher than feathers from Kiska). Levels of manganese in eggs were also higher from Amchitka than Kiska, and eider eggs from Kiska had significantly higher levels of arsenic, but lower levels of selenium. There were no significant correlations between the levels of any metals in down feathers of females and in their eggs. The levels of mercury in eggs were below ecological benchmark levels, and were below human health risk levels. However, Aleuts can seasonally consume several meals of bird eggs a week, suggesting cause for concern for sensitive (pregnant) women. 相似文献