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91.
Bi H Rissik D Macova M Hearn L Mueller JF Escher B 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(3):713-720
In March 2009, a cargo ship spilled 250 tons of heavy fuel oil off the Queensland coast of Australia. The pristine National Park Moreton Island, seven nautical miles to the east of the spill site, was most affected by the oil slick. Contamination of the island's shoreline was widespread, with freshwater wetlands particularly slow to recover as clean-up needed to be carefully managed to avoid damage to this sensitive ecosystem. During the clean-up process on Moreton Island a monitoring program was initiated using traditional chemical analysis in combination with bioanalytical techniques to assess the extent and variability in contamination at sites on the shoreline and freshwater wetlands. Water accommodated fractions (WAF) of oil residues from samples taken directly after the spill on the shoreline showed the same level of toxic potency as samples from the wetland while baseline-toxicity equivalent concentrations (baseline-TEQ) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin equivalent concentrations (TCDDEQ) were much lower in oil collected from the sandy beach. The umuC assay for genotoxicity and the E-SCREEN assay for estrogenic effects indicated the extracts were not genotoxic or estrogenic. PAH concentrations and toxicity in grab water samples were below detectable levels, however, extracts from time integrated silicone passive samplers deployed for several weeks at the contaminated sites gave measurable responses in the bioassays with TCDDEQ levels increased relative to the control site. The low levels of baseline-TEQ and TCDDEQ present after 8 months had further decreased 6 months later indicating satisfactory recovery of this pristine ecosystem after an oil spill. 相似文献
92.
The quality of water in many urban rivers in Latin America is increasingly degrading due to wastewater and runoff discharges from urban sprawl. Due to deficits in sanitary drainage systems, greywater is discharged to the stormwater drainage network generating a continuous dry-weather runoff that reaches rivers without treatment. One of the main challenges in the region is to achieve sustainable management of urban runoff for the recovery of rivers ecosystem integrity. However, retrofitting conventional centralized wastewater drainage networks into the existing urban grid represents important social, economic and technical challenges. This paper presents an alternative adaptive methodology for the design of Nature-based Solutions for decentralized urban runoff treatment. Through this study, technical solutions commonly used for stormwater management were adapted for dry-weather runoff treatment and co-designed for the particular conditions of a representative study area, considering space availability as the main constraining factor for retrofitting in urban areas. The application of a co-design process in a dense neighbourhood of the Great Metropolitan area of Costa Rica brought to light valuable insights about conditions that could be hindering the implementation of NBS infrastructures in Latin America. 相似文献
93.
94.
Previous studies of interference competition have shown an asymmetric effect on intake rate of foragers on clumped resources,
with only subordinate individuals suffering. However, the food distributions in these studies were uniform or highly clumped,
whereas in many field situations, food aggregation is intermediate. Here we investigated whether food distribution (i.e.,
uniform, slightly clumped, and highly clumped) affects the behavioral response of mallards foraging alone or competing with
another. Although the amount of food was the same in all distributions, the mallards reached higher intake rates, visited
fewer patches, and showed longer average feeding times in the highly clumped distribution. Competing mallards had lower intake
rates on the slightly clumped than on the uniform or highly clumped food distributions. Subordinates generally visited more
patches and had shorter feeding times per patch, but their intake rates were not significantly lower than those of dominants.
Therefore, we propose that subordinates do not necessarily suffer from interference competition in terms of intake rate, but
do suffer higher search costs. In addition, although dominants had significantly higher average feeding times on the best
quality patches of the highly clumped food distribution, such an effect was not found in the slightly clumped distribution.
These findings indicate that in environments where food is aggregated to a lesser extent, monopolization is not the best strategy
for dominants. Our results suggest that interference experiments should use food distributions that resemble the natural situation
animals are faced with in the field. 相似文献
95.
Daniel Abel Shilla 《Chemistry and Ecology》2016,32(8):774-785
In Tanzania, a large amount of domestic and industrial wastes are daily released to the aquatic environment without prior treatment. The present paper establishes the status of distribution and environmental implications of heavy metals in water, sediment, suspended particulate matter and biota (Anadara antiquata) from two marine coasts in Zanzibar, Tanzania. These metals are derived from the industrial areas through rivers and storm water outflows. Heavy metal concentrations in the collected samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Concentrations were significantly higher in the Malindi compared to the Fumba coast (ANOVA, p?=?.001). Calculation of metal partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and the water phases varies in response to water parameters and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in these coasts. Higher metal concentrations found in Malindi suggest a pollution effect related to anthropogenic activities. Mean metal burdens in the tissues of A. antiquata from both Malindi and Fumba coasts were significantly higher than in other compartments analysed (ANOVA, p?<.05). Maximum values of contamination factor and contamination degree for metals were noticed for sediments from both Malindi and Fumba coasts. It is imperative to understand that metal concentrations of coastal environments depend not only on industrial and household waste inputs but also on the geochemical composition of the area. 相似文献
96.
97.
David W. Pfennig George R. HarperJr Abel F. Brumo William R. Harcombe Karin S. Pfennig 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(4):505-511
Batesian mimicry evolves when a palatable species, the “mimic,” resembles a dangerous species, the “model,” because both receive
protection from predation. Yet, this protection should break down where the model is absent, because predators in such areas
would not be under selection to avoid the model. Here, we test this prediction in a coral snake mimicry complex. We exposed
plasticine replicas of milk snakes that closely mimic coral snakes to natural predators to determine if good mimetic milk
snakes are preferentially attacked in allopatry with their model. Moreover, we evaluated whether attack rates on these replicas
varied among three different allopatric regions that differed in the type of mimic found locally (i.e., good mimic, poor mimic,
or no mimic). When all three regions were considered together, mimics were not preferentially attacked. When regions were
analyzed separately, however, attacks on mimics were significantly greater than randomness only where good mimics were found.
These variable levels of predation on good mimics might reflect frequency-dependent (i.e., apostatic) predation. In allopatric
regions where good mimics are present, predators might have learned or evolved preferences for conspicuous, palatable prey
that they encounter frequently. By contrast, in allopatric regions where good mimics are absent, predators might not have
learned or evolved preferences for novel phenotypes. Thus, when predation is frequency-dependent, as long as good mimics are
rare, they might not experience elevated levels of predation in allopatry with their model as predicted by the Batesian mimicry
hypothesis. 相似文献
98.
Herman J. Haring Mark E. Smith James M. Lazorchak Philip A. Crocker Abel Euresti Karen Blocksom Melissa C. Wratschko Michael C. Schaub 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(12):7343-7351
Elutriate bioassays are among numerous methods that exist for assessing the potential toxicity of sediments in aquatic systems. In this study, interlaboratory results were compared from 96-h Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas static-renewal acute toxicity tests conducted independently by two laboratories using elutriate samples prepared from the same sediment. The goal of the study was to determine if the results from the elutriate tests were comparable between two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) laboratories when different elutriate preparation procedures were employed by each lab. Complete agreement in site characterization was attained in 22 of the 25 samples for both bioassays amongst each lab. Of the 25 samples analyzed, 10 were found to be toxic to at least one of the species tested by either laboratory. The C. dubia elutriate tests conducted by the National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) indicated that 7 of the 25 sediment samples were toxic, while 8 sediment samples were characterized as such in testing conducted by USEPA Region 6 (Region 6). The P. promelas elutriate tests conducted by NERL determined 8 samples as toxic, while Region 6 tests displayed toxicity in 5 of the samples. McNemar's test of symmetry for C. dubia (S?=?0.33, p?=?0.5637) and P. promelas (S?=?3.0, p?=?0.0833) tests indicated no significant differences in designating a site toxic between NERL and Region 6 laboratories. Likewise, Cohen's kappa test revealed significant agreement between NERL and Region 6 C. dubia (K?=?0.7148, p?<?0.01) and P. promelas (K?=?0.6939, p?<?0.01) elutriate tests. The authors conclude that differences in interlaboratory elutriate preparation procedures have no bearing on the ability of either the C. dubia or P. promelas bioassay testing methods to detect toxicity while yielding similar results. 相似文献
99.
100.
The construction industry is plagued by occupational risky situations and poor working conditions. Occupational risk assessment (ORA) on workplace sites is the first and key step to achieve adequate safety levels, particularly to support decision-making in safety programs. Most construction safety efforts are applied informally under the premise that simply allocating more resources to safety management will improve safety on site. Moreover, there are many traditional methods to address ORA, but few have been adapted and validated for use in the construction industry, particularly in the design stage, for which traditional approaches do not give adequate answers. This paper presents a state-of-the-art on ORA traditional methods, for the construction industry, discussing their limitations and pointing advantages of using fuzzy sets approaches to deal with ill-defined situations. 相似文献