西安市机动车污染物排放清单与空间分布特征

基于机动车排放因子(MOVES)模型和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)技术,建立了西安市2017年分辨率为1km×1km的机动车污染物排放清单。结果显示:2017年西安市机动车污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x(NO+NO_2)、NO、NO_2、N_2O和挥发性有机物(VOCs)的年排放总量分别为126.1×10~4、138.2×10~4、2 884.2×10~4、2 577.8×10~4、306.4×10~4、27.9×10~4、1 281.2×10~4 kg;柴油车是PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_x排放的主要来源,贡献率分别为80.2%、79.5%和75.8%;VOCs和N_2O则主要来自汽油车,贡献率分别为74.2%、89.7%;总体看来,研究区域内不同污染物的空间分布规律相似,这与西安市公路分布有关,PM_(2.5)和NO_x的排放主要集中在主城区及周边县区的高速路和国道,而VOCs的排放主要集中在主城区二环及环内。     

化工区风险源的灰色聚类分级方法的研究

建设化工区需对企业进行合理规划布局,且化工区风险预警和防范具有优先性问题,需要对企业进行有效的风险分级。现有研究中的区域风险源分级方法上存在较大的不足。根据化工区风险源的特点,基于环境风险评价和灰色系统的基本理论,探索性的将灰色聚类分析方法应用于化工区风险源分级中。建立了一套适合化工园区的指标,对各个企业进行聚类分析,划分风险等级。以大连市某化工区为例,筛选8个指标,并选取了6个化工企业进行灰色聚类分析。将它们归为4个不同的风险级别。该方法不仅能较全面地反映化工区各个风险源的风险级别,对风险源的规划、布局和管理起到较好的决策支持作用,而且能指导预警和防范体系的建立,合理分配有限的资源。     

典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.     

中国省会城市紧凑度与城镇化水平关系

紧凑型城市建设作为新时期有效避免城市无序蔓延发展、提升城市发展质量和实现土地资源高效利用的新途径,探明城市紧凑度与城镇化的关系对实现城市可持续发展至关重要。基于此,以中国30个省会城市和直辖市为研究对象,综合运用熵值法和容量耦合系数模型测度省会城市紧凑度和城镇化的综合水平,并分析了二者的耦合协调关系。结果发现:(1)2006-2016年间中国省会城市紧凑度东、中、西部地区依次递减,东部省会城市水平最高,整体紧凑度随时间呈增长趋势;(2)高低紧凑度城市逐渐减少,中低紧凑度城市逐渐成为主体;(3)我国大多数省会城市紧凑度与城镇化关系整体以濒临协调为主,总体由失调状态向协调状态演变。     

层状半空间中凹陷地形对斜入射平面P波的2.5维散射

采用间接边界元法研究了层状半空间中凹陷地形对斜入射平面P波的2.5维散射问题。取无限长凹陷地形任一横截面,将边界以斜线单元离散,通过自由场反应分析,求得假想边界上各单元的应力响应。施加虚拟移动均布斜线荷载,求得应力格林函数。根据凹陷边界上的零应力边界条件确定虚拟移动均布斜线荷载密度,将自由场响应和虚拟移动均布斜线荷载产生的响应叠加起来,即得到问题的解答。通过与已有结果的对比,验证了本文方法的正确性。最后,以均匀弹性半空间和基岩上单一土层中凹陷地形对斜入射平面P波的2.5维散射为例,进行了数值计算分析,结果表明:凹陷地形的2.5维散射和二维散射之间存在明显差异;层状半空间中凹陷地形和均匀半空间中凹陷地形对波的散射作用存在显著差别。分析了造成差别的原因,并深入讨论了入射角度、覆盖层厚度和刚度对散射作用的影响。     

天津Z2线工程软土场地震陷分析∗

天津Z2线轨道交通工程地处滨海软土地区。基于《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》中简化的分层总和法,采用一维土层非线性地震响应分析程序EERA替代Seed经验公式计算土层的动应力,同时采用修正的软土残余应变势简化计算公式,开展了天津Z2线全部98个钻孔的软土震陷计算。结果表明,地表震陷主要源自较浅土层,地表深度20 m以下的震陷可不考虑;隧道由地下线过渡到高架线的上升段震陷较大,应考虑采取防控措施;场地震陷主要由淤泥质土层产生,占地表震陷的70%～80%以上。研究对于类似工程具有一定参考价值。     

The Impact of Future Land Use Scenarios on Runoff Volumes in the Muskegon River Watershed

In this article we compared the response of surface water runoff to a storm event for different rates of urbanization, reforestation and riparian buffer setbacks across forty subwatersheds of the Muskegon River Watershed located in Michigan, USA. We also made these comparisons for several forecasted and one historical land use scenarios (over 140 years). Future land use scenarios to 2040 for forest regrowth, urbanization rates and stream setbacks were developed using the Land Transformation Model (LTM). Historical land use information, from 1900 at 5-year time step intervals, was created using a Backcast land use change model configured using artificial neural network and driven by agriculture and housing census information. We show that (1) controlling the rate of development is the most effective policy option to reduce runoff; (2) establishing setbacks along the mainstem are not as effective as controlling urban growth; (3) reforestation can abate some of the runoff effects from urban growth but not all; (4) land use patterns of the 1970s produced the least amount of runoff in most cases in the Muskegon River Watershed when compared to land use maps from 1900 to 2040; and, (5) future land use patterns here not always lead to increased (worse) runoff than the past. We found that while ten of the subwatersheds contained futures that were worse than any past land use configuration, twenty-five (62.5%) of the subwatersheds produced the greatest amount of runoff in 1900, shortly after the entire watershed was clear-cut. One third (14/40) of the subwatersheds contained the minimum amount of runoff in the 1960s and 1970s, a period when forest amounts were greatest and urban amounts relatively small.     

SNCR脱硝技术在循环流化床锅炉上的应用

分析了循环流化床锅炉特性和SNCR烟气脱硝技术的特点,通过CFD计算分析,对烟气和还原剂喷射混合过程进行了研究,得到了较理想的SNCR脱硝流场设计结果。在某75t/h循环流化床锅炉SNCR烟气脱硝工程上的初步应用结果表明,SNCR烟气脱硝效率可达55%以上,系统简捷、性能可靠,是循环流化床锅炉进行NOx控制的理想选择。     

Weighted distributions and estimation of resource selection probability functions

Understanding how organisms selectively use resources is essential for designing wildlife management strategies. The probability that an individual uses a given resource, as characterized by environmental factors, can be quantified in terms of the resource selection probability function (RSPF). The present literature on the topic has claimed that, except when both used and unused sites are known, the RSPF is non-estimable and that only a function proportional to RSPF, namely, the resource selection function (RSF) can be estimated. This paper describes a close connection between the estimation of the RSPF and the estimation of the weight function in the theory of weighted distributions. This connection can be used to obtain fully efficient, maximum likelihood estimators of the resource selection probability function under commonly used survey designs in wildlife management. The method is illustrated using GPS collar data for mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus de Blainville 1816) in northwest British Columbia, Canada.     

含镍废液中镍回收的研究

本文研究了强碱性条件下,以乙二胺为络合剂,用水合肼把二价镍离子还原为单质镍的方法。经过大量实验,镍粉的产率在99％以上,其纯度也在99％以上。通过这种方法,既回收了镍,又降低了对环境的污染,结果令人满意。