Impact of haze and air pollution-related hazards on hospital admissions in Guangzhou,China

Guangzhou is a metropolitan in south China with unique pollutants and geographic location. Unlike those in western countries and the rest of China, the appearance of haze in Guangzhou is often (about 278 days per year on average of 4 years). Little is known about the influence of these hazes on health. In this study, we investigated whether short-term exposures to haze and air pollution are associated with hospital admissions in Guangzhou. The relationships between haze, air pollution, and daily hospital admissions during 2008–2011 were assessed using generalized additive model. Studies were categorized by gender, age, season, lag, and disease category. In haze episodes, an increase in air pollutant emissions corresponded to 3.46 (95 % CI, 1.67, 5.27) increase in excessive risk (ER) of total hospital admissions at lag 1, 11.42 (95 % CI, 4.32, 18.99) and 11.57 (95 % CI, 4.38, 19.26) increases in ERs of cardiovascular illnesses at lags 2 and 4 days, respectively. As to total hospital admissions, an increase in NO₂ was associated with a 0.73 (95 % CI, 0.11, 1.35) and a 0.28 (95 % CI, 0.11, 0.46) increases in ERs at lag 5 and lag 05, respectively. For respiratory illnesses, increases in NO₂ was associated with a 1.94 (95 % CI, 0.50, 3.40) increase in ER at lag 0, especially among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Haze (at lag1) and air pollution (for NO₂ at lag 5 and for SO₂ at lag3) both presented more drastic effects on the 19 to 64 years old and in the females. Together, we demonstrated that haze pollution was associated with total and cardiovascular illnesses. NO₂ was the sole pollutant with the largest risk of hospital admissions for total and respiratory diseases in both single- and multi-pollutant models.     

Novel electricity-saving concept using a radio technique for indoor lighting

This study proposes a novel concept for designing a radio switch that can match workplace characteristics and personal needs by individually controlling the lighting group to save electricity. We use a microcontroller that can achieve the function of timing, turned-on and turn-off by setting the internal program to control the radio switch for convenient use, and electricity saving. As compared with the traditional mechanical switch, the radio switch reduced the electricity consumption by 38.64 kwh/week (86.25% of ideal condition or 1194.62% of practical condition), and the annual CO₂ emission can be reduced by 1032.2 kg/year. Additionally, the cost of the radio switch to replace the traditional mechanical switch can be paid back in 1.72 years.     

高效原油降解菌筛选驯化实验研究

由含油废水原有微生物种群中分离出纯种菌株，通过纯种菌株的单一菌种降解性能实验，混合菌株垢正交性能实验，筛选出7种高效原油降解菌（包括芽孢杆菌属，黄杆菌属，黄单胞菌属，和假单胞菌属），其中芽孢杆菌属降解原油能力最强，对于18．4mg/L的含油废水，降解去除率高达94％－95％，实验还表明，单种菌株降解原油的能力比混合菌株要好。     

污水处理设备现状及国产现代化

本文介绍了国内外污水处理设备发展的现状，剖析了设备国产化存在的主要问题及所形成的原因，并就污水处理设备国产现代化问题提出了重要建议和措施。主要问题是：产需矛盾突出；品种结构落后、品种少、开发能力弱；技术水平低；创汇不稳定；相关企业效益偏低；设备成套和工程承包能力弱等。建议采取的重要措施包括：重点支持实力较强的工程承包公司和设备制造厂；给予企业技术改造贷款；加大科技攻关和技术开发力度；引进技术，加快发展；为国产设备提供专项信贷；调整利用外资的相关政策等。     

发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对多环芳烃污染土壤菌根修复的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对菌根化紫花苜蓿修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染农田土壤的影响.结果发现,添加0.5%～2.0%发酵牛粪对紫花苜蓿根系丛枝菌根(AM)真菌侵染率无明显影响,但均显著提高了紫花苜蓿的植株生物量(p<0.05),其中,添加1.0%和2.0%发酵牛粪处理的土壤PAHs含量较对照略有降...     

经济集聚对区域水污染物排放的影响及溢出效应

基于化学需氧量和氨氮排放数据集,构建影响因素计量模型,探讨经济集聚同水污染物排放的影响效应及其在不同规模城镇下影响程度的差异性,采取双变量空间自相关解析中国经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,以期为促进经济集聚与污染减排良性互动提供参考。结论如下：（1）从全国总体样本来看,经济集聚能有效降低区域水污染排放强度,经济集聚度每增长1个百分点,化学需氧量和氨氮排放将分别减少0.491%和0.166%;（2）经济集聚对中小城市水污染排放的减排效应更为突出,在化学需氧量估计模型中,中等城市、小城市样本的经济集聚度弹性系数分别为-0.679、-0.546,而大城市及特大城市样本仅为-0.252;（3）经济集聚同水污染物排放的空间溢出效应显著,且呈现高集聚—高排放、低集聚—低排放、低集聚—高排放等空间关联模式,其中,高集聚—高排放区从京津冀向山东半岛绵延分布,还包括哈长城市群、苏北和苏中、长株潭、珠三角等地区。政策启示包括：积极培育中小城市并发挥其经济聚集的减排效应,促进生产技术更新和扩散,提高能源利用效率和环保投入;合理控制大城市经济与人口规模,加快产业结构调整和落后产能淘汰,强化环境规制以防止“污染避难所”效应;遏制经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,重点推进高集聚—高排放区联防联控和流域共治。     

TiO2／SiO2催化剂可见光降解偶氮染料的研究

以多孔硅胶作载体.通过酸性溶胶法制备了TiO2/SiO2催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重一差热分析(TG-DTA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和BET等方法对该催化剂进行了表征.以偶氮染料酸性橙7(A07)的可见光降解作为探针反应,研究了TiO2/SiO2的催化活性.结果表明,TiO2的平均晶粒尺寸为5.1 nm,晶型为锐钛矿;TiO2/SiO2具有大的比表面积,比P-25催化剂具有更高的光催化活性和更好的沉降性能,便于回收利用.     

用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法

采用物理吸附的方式对用于石化废水处理的聚氨酯泡沫球形载体的挂膜方法进行了研究。直接挂膜时,投加石化废水生物处理剂后,载体出现了严重的堵塞现象,孔隙内无机颗粒含量较高,生物多样性差,从而无法保持稳定的石化废水处理效果。通过分析聚氨酯泡沫表层和孔隙内部附着的生物量及孔隙内附着物的粒度分布,采取间接挂膜法,即采用投加颗粒状物质活性炭、电气石及酵母粉的方式,对聚氨酯泡沫球形载体进行预挂膜后,再投加生物处理剂,进行进一步的挂膜。结果表明：间接挂膜法可有效地避免载体的堵塞问题,使得孔隙内部附着生长大量的活性微生物,从而在石化废水进水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度在280～420 mg/L和5～25 mg/L时,出水COD和NH⁺₄-N浓度分别稳定在70 mg/L和3 mg/L以下。     

长江经济带环境污染胁迫的驱动因素及空间效应

污染物排放基数大、内生与跨区排污累积是长江经济带污染防治面临的严峻现实,高强度环境污染胁迫过程已成为当前生态文明建设的重要障碍.本文以长江经济带127个地市级及以上单元为实证案例,选取化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫和氮氧化物4项污染物指标,在基于熵值法的环境污染胁迫指数（EPSI）测度基础上,采用空间杜宾模型,定量分解环境污染胁迫的驱动因素及空间效应,为制定面向污染源管控的环境规制提供科学参考.研究发现：①2011—2015年长江经济带环境污染胁迫程度降低4.8%,胁迫程度由上游向下游递增,其中,上游干流、太湖流域及下游干流的胁迫程度较为突出.②长江经济带环境污染胁迫程度整体趋稳、局部改善,高污染胁迫区在长三角地区集中分布,滇川贵渝、湘鄂赣、江浙沪皖等交界地区,以及昆明至重庆一带已形成的高胁迫区亦是未来管制重点.③环境污染胁迫过程具有显著空间溢出效应,本地胁迫程度增加的同时引起邻地胁迫加剧.随着环境管控趋紧,长江经济带环境污染胁迫的外部性有所缓解.④人口规模和城镇化水平是驱动本地胁迫程度提升的重要因素,二者还通过空间溢出效应作用于周边地区,而工业化、农业经济份额、内外资等因素仅能作用于本地的环境污染胁迫过程.长江经济带环境污染胁迫驱动因素的多元化趋势表明,应实施系统化、源头化综合治理以缓解环境污染胁迫态势,需引导绿色生产生活方式、提升建设开发行为的环境效益、规避外资驱动的跨区污染转移、发挥国有资本在环境处置与保护过程中的示范作用.     

Air pollution and its control in China

The rapid growth of China’s economy has led to severe air pollution characterized by acid rain, severe pollution in cities, and regional air pollution. High concentrations are found for various pollutants such as sulfur dioxides (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and fine particulates. Great efforts have thus been undertaken for the control of air pollution in the country. This paper discusses the development and application of appropriate technologies for reducing the major pollutants produced by coal and vehicles, and investigates air quality modeling as an important support for policy-making.