凋落物处理对森林地表CO2通量的影响及其调控机理

全球变化和森林演替可以导致森林地表凋落物数量和质量的变化,从而对森林地表 CO2通量产生影响。本实验对亚热带不同演替阶段的3种,即马尾松林（前期）、混交林（中期）和季风林（后期）进行地表凋落物去除、加倍与置换处理,利用静态箱气相色谱法测定地表CO2通量,并同步测定气温、土壤温度和湿度,分析凋落物质量和数量变化对森林地表CO2通量的影响及其调控机理。结果表明,（1）去除凋落物处理显著降低了不同演替阶段的3种森林地表CO2通量,而加倍凋落物处理可以增加森林地表CO2通量,但不同演替阶段增加的幅度不同,依次为：季风林＞马尾松林＞混交林。（2）置换凋落物对不同演替阶段的森林地表 CO2通量的影响不同,在演替后期的季风林中,置换混交林和马尾松林凋落物处理均增加地表CO2通量;在演替中期的混交林中,置换季风林和马尾松林凋落物均降低地表CO2通量。在演替前期的马尾松林中,置换季风林凋落物增加地表CO2通量,而置换混交林凋落物降低了地表CO2通量（3）结合测定的土壤温度和水分数据分析得出,凋落物处理引起森林地表 CO2通量的变化是通过处理凋落物质量和数量后改变森林地表水热条件来实现的。（4）3个林型的各种处理,地表 CO2通量与土壤温度均呈显著的指数相关关系,但不同处理不同地改变了森林地表土壤 CO2通量对温度的敏感性,即Q10值。     

Butyltin compounds and organochlorine residues in green mussel (Perna viridis L.) from India

Butyltin compounds (BTs) and organochlorine residues (OCs) were determined in green mussel (Perna viridis L.) collected along the coastal waters of India in 1994 and 1995 to elucidate their contamination levels and distribution. BTs were detected in all of the mussel samples, ranging from 2 to 378 ng/g wet wt, which indicated that BTs are widely distributed, with elevated concentrations in intense boating areas. BTs concentrations in green mussels were lower than those reported for developed nations as well as developing countries such as Thailand. Concentrations of OCs were much lower than those of BTs. Among OCs examined, DDTs were found to be greatest, followed by HCHs, PCBs, CHLs and HCB. Considering the fact that the usage of tributyltin (TBT), DDTs and HCHs are not controlled in India, their contamination in the aquatic environment may increase unless regulatory measures are imposed. To our knowledge, this is a first report on the detection of BTs in Indian mussels.     

Ammonia adsorption on graphene and graphene oxide: a first-principles study

Motivated by the recent realization of graphene sensor to detect gas molecules that are harmful to the environment, the ammonia adsorption on graphene or graphene oxide (GO) was investigated using first-principles calculation. The optimal adsorption and orientation of the NH₃ molecules on the graphene surfaces were determined, and the adsorption energies (E _b) as well as the Mulliken charge transfers of NH₃ were calculated. The E _b for the graphene are small and seem to be independent of the sites and orientations. The surface epoxy or hydroxyl groups can promote the adsorption of NH₃ on the GO; the enhancement of the E _b for the hydroxyl groups is greater than that for the epoxy groups on the surface. The charge transfers from the molecule to the surfaces also exhibit the same trend. The Brönsted acid sites and Lewis acid sites could stably exist on the GO with surface hydroxyl groups and on the basal, respectively.     

城市污水脱氮除磷中试研究及其影响因素分析

采用改良A2/O工艺对城市污水进行中试研究,研究了反应系统对各个污染物的去除效果,并考察了温度、DO和混合液回流比对生物脱氮除磷的影响。结果表明:系统稳定运行的情况下,出水COD、TN和氨氮达GB 18918—2002的一级A标准,出水TP达一级B标准。系统对COD、TN、氨氮和TP的平均去除率分别为91%、68%、77.3%和80.6%。温度和DO对COD和TP的去除效果影响较小,对TN和氨氮则影响较大。温度在26.5℃时,对氮的去除效果最好。为保证系统脱氮除磷均能高效进行,DO应控制在2～4 mg/L,混合液回流比取1.5。     

安全人性与安全法律法规的互为影响关系研究

为明晰安全人性与安全法律法规间的互为影响关系,从而丰富安全法律法规制定的理论依据,基于安全人性与安全法律法规的内涵,剖析安全法律法规对安全人性的影响作用,构建并解析安全法律法规对安全人性的作用模型。在此基础上,分析安全人性对安全法律法规制定的影响,并深入阐释基于安全人性的安全法律法规制定的基本模式及其安全人性学依据。结果表明,安全法律法规与安全人性间是相辅相成的互为作用关系,安全法律法规是实现安全人性平衡的核心手段,而安全人性是安全法律法规制定的重要基础。     

伞罩型脱硫除尘塔湿法脱硫脱硝实验研究

研究了伞罩型脱硫除尘塔湿法同时脱硫、脱硝的性能。以NaClO2溶液为吸收剂,研究了吸收剂的初始浓度、液气比、模拟烟气入口气速、反应时间等对SO2和NO脱除效率的影响,并对比分析了实验结果。实验结果表明:吸收剂的初始浓度、液气比、模拟烟气入口气速以及反应时间对脱除效率均有很大的影响;溶液的初始pH值的升高能够提高脱硫效率,但会降低脱硝效率。在最佳实验条件下,脱硫和脱硝的效率分别为81.35%和67.07%。     

中国喀斯特碳循环

<正>在2015年,全球CO_2平均浓度首次达到400×10~(-6);在2016年,多个大气观察站点的CO_2浓度持续保持在400×10~(-6)之上,最高达407.7×10~(-6)(世界气象组织WHO,2016-11-14);这意味着,因大气CO_2浓度升高而引起的全球气温升高、冰盖与冰川融化、极端气候事件频度等气候变化将更加严重。     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

东湖沉积物营养状况的BP神经网络模型研究

运用人工神经网络对东湖沉积物营养状况进行了模拟研究.以东湖三个样点柱状沉积物的TN、TP、TOC、SRP、TSL、pH6个因子作为网络模型的输入变量,建立了训练样本和测试样本,同时采用有机指数值作为输出变量,对东湖沉积物营养状况进行评价分析.通过模型分析,结果显示东湖沉积物处于肥污染状态.在2008年6月采得的数据样本...