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141.
142.
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote European and Atlantic sites located above the boundary mixing layer 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Barend Leendert Van Drooge Pilar Fernández Joan O. Grimalt Evzen Stuchlík Carlos J. Torres García Emilio Cuevas 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(6):1207-1216
Background, aim and scope
Ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined at five elevated mountain sites on the European continent and the Atlantic Ocean. All sites can be considered remote background areas since they are situated above the timberline and they lack local emission sources of these compounds. 相似文献143.
Roselinde Torres 《Conservation biology》2011,25(5):1060-1061
144.
Lilleskov Erik McCullough Kevin Hergoualc’h Kristell del Castillo Torres Dennis Chimner Rodney Murdiyarso Daniel Kolka Randy Bourgeau-Chavez Laura Hribljan John del Aguila Pasquel Jhon Wayson Craig 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2019,24(4):591-623
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Indonesia and Peru harbor some of the largest lowland tropical peatland areas. Indonesian peatlands are subject to much greater... 相似文献
145.
Arturo Balderas Torres Douglas C. MacMillan Margaret Skutsch Jon C. Lovett 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):661-680
Adequate demand for, and recognition of, forest carbon services is critical to success of market mechanisms for forestry-based conservation and climate change mitigation. National and voluntary carbon-offsetting schemes are emerging as alternatives to international compliance markets. We developed a choice experiment to explore determinants of local forest carbon-offset valuation. A total of 963 citizens from Guadalajara in Mexico were asked to consider a purchase of voluntary offsets from the neighbouring Biosphere Reserve of La Primavera and from two alternative more distant locations: La Michilía in the state of Durango and El Cielo in Tamaulipas. Surveys were applied in market stall sessions and online using two different sampling methods: the snowball technique and via a market research company. The local La Primavera site attracted higher participation and valuation than the more distant sites. However, groups particularly interested in climate change mitigation or cost may accept cost-efficient options in the distant sites. Mean implicit carbon prices obtained ranged from $6.79 to $15.67/tCO2eq depending on the surveying methodology and profile of respondents. Survey application mode can significantly affect outcome of the experiment. Values from the market stall sessions were higher than those from the snowball and market research samples obtained online; this may be linked to greater cooperation associated with personal interaction and collective action. In agreement with the literature, we found that valuation of forest carbon offsets is associated with cognitive, ethical, behavioural, geographical and economic factors. 相似文献
146.
The importance of salinity experienced during embryonic development and initial larval biomass on larval growth was studied
in the South American estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Ovigerous females were maintained at three salinities (15, 20, and 32‰) from egg laying to hatching of zoea l. Larvae from
all treatments were reared under constant conditions of photoperiod (12∶12), temperature (18°C), and salinity (first instar
at 20‰, subsequent instars at 32‰). Biomass was measured as dry weight, carbon, and nitrogen content per individual at egg
laying, hatching of zoea l, premoult zoea l, and zoea 4, and in 8-day-old megalopa. From hatching to premoult zoea 4, biomass
was higher for larvae from prehatching salinities of 15 and 32‰. There was a significant positive correlation between biomass
at hatching and at premoult zoea l and zoea 4. Accumulated biomass during zoeal stages tended to be higher for larvae from
broods with higher biomass at hatching, although this trend was not always significant. Zoea 4 either directly metamorphosed
to megalopa or moulted to zoea 5, following, respectively, a short or long developmental pathway. The proportion of zoea 4
that followed the long pathway was negatively correlated with biomass of zoeal stages. Biomass at hatching was correlated
with biomass of megalopae developed through the short pathway, although it was not correlated with the accumulated biomass
at this stage. Megalopae developed through the long pathway (i.e. metamorphosed from zoeae 5) had higher biomass than those
from the short pathway. The present results suggest that prehatching salinity and initial egg and larval biomass can be very
important for larval growth.
Published online: 9 August 2002 相似文献
147.
148.
Several species of Antarctic mesopelagic fishes that have different minimal depths of occurrence but the same environmental temperature were collected in November–December 1983 and in March 1986 between 0 and 1 000 m in the open water near the marginal ice zone in the vicinity of 60°S 40°W (1983) and 65°S 46°W (1986), and oxygen consumption rate (V
O
2) and the activity of two metabolic enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, an indicator of the anaerobic potential of locomotory muscle) and citrate synthase (CS, an indicator of citric acid cycle activity or aerobic potential), were determined. In four dominant species, whole-individual oxygen-consumption rate (y, ml O2 individual–1 h–1) varied with weight (X, g) according to the equation y=aX
b, with b values falling between 0.889 and 1.029. The relation of weight-specific LDH activity (y, U g–1 wet wt) with weight (x, g) was also described by the equation y=aX
b, with b values varying between 0.229 and 1.025. Weight-specific CS activity declined with weight, with b values from-0.031 to-0.369. V
2
O, LDH activity and CS activity all declined markedly with increased species' minimum depth of occurrence (the depth below which 90% of a species' population lives). Comparisons with previous studies on ecologically equivalent species of the California Borderland indicate that depth-related decreases in metabolism are the result of adapted traits of deeper-living species, not declining temperature within the water column. The metabolic rate of Antarctic mesopelagic fishes is approximately twice that of California species at equivalent temperatures; similar rates were found at the normal habitat temperatures of the two groups. Thus, a well-developed compensation for temperature is present in the Antarctic fishes: cold adaptation. Differences in enzymic activity among species, and among different sized individuals of a species are related to differences in metabolic rate and locomotory capacity. Enzymic indices can be used to estimate metabolic rates and evaluate ecological parameters such as predatory strategies and niche separation. 相似文献
149.
Santacruz G Bandala ER Torres LG 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2005,40(4):571-583
Degradation of two chlorinated pesticides (2,4-D and DDT) using a 54-mL glass column packed with tezontle (a low-cost basaltic scoria) was tested. Bacteria were cultured in YPG (yeast, peptone, and glucose) liquid medium at 32 degrees C. The rich medium was pumped during 24 h through the column to inoculate it. Later, the wasted medium was discharged and the pesticide added. Optical densities, TOC, and pesticide concentration were determined. Pesticide removals for 2,4-D (with initial concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L) were about 99%. DDT removal (at initial concentration of up to 150 mg/L) was as high as 55-99%. TOC removals for 2,4-D was in the 36-87% interval, whereas for DDT they were as high as 36-78%. 相似文献
150.
Age and growth of Electrona antarctica (Pisces: Myctophidae), the dominant mesopelagic fish of the Southern Ocean 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Numerically and in biomass, the lanternfish Electrona antarctica is the dominant fish in the vast pelagic region of the Southern Ocean bounded on the north by the Antarctic Convergence and
in the south by the Antarctic continental shelf. It is an important krill predator, and in turn is important in the diets
of flighted and swimming seabirds. Further, it is the southernmost and coldest-dwelling representative of the globally distributed
fish family Myctophidae. The present study was undertaken to estimate the species' growth rate and average life span, to incorporate
the information in a basic energy budget, and to compare the growth of E. antarctica with more northerly confamilials. Fishes were aged using primary growth increments that were resolved on sagittal otoliths
using three sequential techniques: thin-section grinding and polishing, etching, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based
on increment width (0.8 to 1.2 μm), continuity, and previous studies on confamilials, the microincrements were assumed to
be deposited on a daily basis. Montages of SEM photomicrographs were constructed for each sagitta to allow the daily rings
to be counted over the entire life span of 31 individuals representing the entire size range of the species. Results suggest
a larval stage of 30 to 47 d and a maximum life span of 3.5 yr, with females growing faster than males in the last 1.5 yr
of life and reaching a larger maximum size. Construction of a simple energy budget using the best information available suggests
that a surplus of energy is available to support the observed growth rates (0.05 to 0.07 mm d−1). The results of the present study contrast markedly with previous estimates of an 8 to 11 yr maximum age for E. antarctica. These results provide important data addressing the ecology and population dynamics of the pelagic Antarctic ecosystem.
E. antarctica is the end-member species in the continuum of vertically migrating myctophids that extend from the equator to the polar circle.
Its growth rate is consonant with that of all other myctophid species examined using primary growth increments to determine
age. The present study, in conjunction with earlier studies, suggests that growth rates of mesopelagic species are far higher
than previously thought.
Received: 12 September 1997 / Accepted: 25 July 1998 相似文献