The 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill remains the largest catastrophic release of oil and gas into the deep sea. The irrupted oil and gas substantially impact a marine ecosystem, cause human injury, and have high societal opinions. Therefore, understanding the transport and dispersion of subsurface hydrocarbon provides an imperative substratum for the practical assessment and response of marine oil spill accidents. In this review, we summarize the major advances since the Deepwater Horizon accident, with emphasis on the observation and modeling of the droplet and the formation and dynamics of the plume. Additional complexity including more than the investigation of gas-saturated oil at high-pressure and the effect of Earth’s rotation on near field plume is also outlined. We end with a few outlooks on key priorities for more precisely estimations on future oil spills.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this paper was to stress the possible potential toxic element (PTE) accumulation in the surface sediments of the Çavu?lu... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigates the effects of human capital, bio-capacity, energy use, and economic growth on the ecological footprint of G20 countries for... 相似文献
Bryaninops, Gobiodon, Paragobiodon and Pleurosicya are the most abundant genera of coral-associated gobies. These genera are adapted to live among coral, while other small
reef gobies (e.g., the genus Eviota) show no obligate association with this living substrate. Thirteen coral-associated species and two Eviota species were sampled from different regions of the Red Sea, along with four populations/species of Gobiodon from the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using partial sequences of 12S
rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes, 1,199 base pairs in total. Several clades were consistently resolved in neighbor joining-, maximum parsimony-,
maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. While each of the four genera Gobiodon, Paragobiodon, Bryaninops and Pleurosicya proved to be monophyletic, their relative position in the phylogeny did not support an emergence of coral-associated gobiids
as a monophyletic assemblage. Instead, two separate monophyletic sub-groups were discovered, the first comprising Gobiodon and Paragobiodon, and the second Bryaninops and Pleurosicya. Our molecular phylogenetic examinations also revealed one unassigned species of Gobiodon from the Maldives as a distinct species and confirmed three putative and yet unassigned species from the Red Sea. Moreover,
the uniformly black colored species of Gobiodon are not monophyletic but have evolved independently within two distinct species groups. Genetic distances were large in particular
within Pleurosicya and Eviota. Estimated divergence times suggest that coral-associated gobies have diversified in parallel to their preferred host corals.
In particular, divergence times of Gobiodon species closely match those estimated for their typical host coral genus Acropora. 相似文献
Most plant families are distinguished by characteristic secondary metabolites, which can function as putative defence against
herbivores. However, many herbivorous insects of different orders can make use of these plant-synthesised compounds by ingesting
and storing them in their body tissue or integument. Such sequestration of putatively unpalatable or toxic metabolites can
enhance the insects’ own defence against enemies and may also be involved in reproductive behaviour. This review gives a comprehensive
overview of all groups of secondary plant metabolites for which sequestration by insect herbivores belonging to different
orders has been demonstrated. Sequestered compounds include various aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing metabolites such
as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and other sulphur-containing metabolites, and isoprenoids such as cardiac
glycosides, cucurbitacins, iridoid glycosides and others. Sequestration of plant compounds has been investigated most in insects
feeding or gathering on Apocynaceae s.l. (Apocynoideae, Asclepiaoideae), Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae, but it also occurs
for some gymnosperms and even lichens. In total, more than 250 insect species have been shown to sequester plant metabolites
from at least 40 plant families. Sequestration predominates in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but also occurs frequently
in the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Sternorrhyncha. Patterns of sequestration mechanisms for various compound
classes and common or individual features occurring in different insect orders are highlighted. More research is needed to
elucidate the specific transport mechanisms and the physiological processes of sequestration in various insect species. 相似文献
Between 1993 and 1999 two EU funded projects wereexecuted aimed at (i) the development of drydeposition monitoring methods for core sites andlarge scale application, (ii) the installation andrunning of three core sites in Europe and (iii) the improvement and validation of models used forregional application. This article provides anoverview of the development of depositionmonitoring stations and the main results of thethree core sites, which were operated between1995 and 1998. Furthermore, the results of thedevelopment of a low cost monitoring system arepresented. Continuous measurements were made ofboth wet and dry deposition of sulphur andnitrogen components and base cations. The 4 yearsof data show a decrease in sulphur loads and notrend for the other components. It is shown thatthe surface affinities for sulphur depositionalso changed during the years, underpinning theneed for dry deposition monitoring. A conditionaltime average gradient system was successfullydeveloped and tested and provides a good meansfor low cost monitoring of dry deposition fluxes.The costs can be reduced by a factor of 3–4 without losing the accuracy of the annual average gas fluxes. 相似文献