不同挂膜方式生物滴滤塔处理含H2S恶臭气体

采用菌剂挂膜,活性污泥挂膜和自然挂膜3种不同方式形成生物滴滤塔,考察挂膜方式对生物滴滤塔去除H2s恶臭气体的影响。结果表明,当进气H2S浓度为5mg／m3时,菌剂挂膜、活性污泥挂膜、自然挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔出气H2s浓度分别为15．7～17．4、11．6～14．8和15．0～15．9μg／m3;塔内压降分别为3—4mm水柱、6mm水柱和4—5mm水柱;喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根的浓度分别为14、22和17mg／L,硫的转化率分别为45％、60％和50％。当进气H2S浓度增大至7mg／m3时,3个塔经过7d的调整后,均能达到稳定状态,稳定后3个塔中出气H2s浓度和压降基本没变,喷淋后滤出液中硫酸根浓度依次增大至25、31和30mg／L左右。采用活性污泥挂膜形成的生物滴滤塔处理H2s的能力比菌剂挂膜和自然挂膜的高。     

亚硝态氮对同时产甲烷反硝化工艺处理畜禽粪水的影响

为进一步提高同时产甲烷反硝化反应对畜禽粪水化学需氧量(COD)和氮的去除效率,应用畜禽粪水于接种颗粒污泥的厌氧混合式反应器,进行不同COD与亚硝态氮浓度比值(COD/NO-2-N)对同时产甲烷反硝化反应的影响研究。通过实时监测反应器内COD、凯氏氮(TKN)、辅酶F420、β-葡萄糖苷酶、产气率、pH和氧化还原电位(ORP)等指标得出,COD/NO-2-N为30/1、40/1时,COD去除率、辅酶F420和β-葡萄糖苷酶含量与空白无亚硝态氮的变化规律一致,亚硝态氮几乎未对糖类水解菌及产甲烷菌活性产生抑制作用;而COD/NO-2-N为10/1、20/1时,COD去除率、辅酶F420和β-葡萄糖苷酶含量较低,糖类水解菌及产甲烷菌活性受到抑制。     

温度对SBR单级好氧生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸钠作为单一碳源,分别设置温度为5、15、25、35℃的4组序批式反应器(R1、R2、R3、R4),考察了温度对单级好氧工艺除磷的影响。结果表明,稳定运行阶段,R1、R2、R3、R4出水磷浓度分别为4.05、2.17、1.34和0.11 mg/L,去除效率分别为61.5%、79.3%、87.2%和99.0%,吸磷速率分别为0.501、1.432、2.538和3.700mg P/(g VSS·h),即提高温度有利于磷的去除。此外,各反应器中多聚磷酸盐激酶(PPK)和外切磷酸盐酶(PPX)活性分别为0.093、0.213、0.376、0.549 U和0.010、0.019、0.029、0.025 U,导致吸磷速率和释磷速率随之增大,可知温度影响聚磷菌PPK和PPX的活性,从而影响除磷效果。静置阶段,聚磷菌体内储能物质糖原质和聚羟基脂肪酸酯基本保持不变,但各反应器均出现了释磷现象,聚磷作为主要供能物质,单位释磷量分别为1.95、6.42、9.90和9.56 mg P/(g TSS),提高温度可促进静置段聚磷分解提供能量,从而驱动好氧吸磷达到更好的除磷效果。     

Algae mediate submerged macrophyte response to nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon loading: A mesocosm study on different species

Nutrient and dissolved inorganic carbon are two important factors that influence the development and species composition of submerged macrophyte communities in shallow lake ecosystems. Yet little is known about their potential interactive effects on the submerged macrophytes and competition outcome of macrophyte–phytoplankton. We performed a mesocosm experiment to investigate the growth and photosynthetic performance of three submerged macrophytes in relation to phytoplankton/epiphyton with nutrient and bicarbonate enrichment. During the experimental period (42 d), increase in nutrient loading in water column resulted in a substantial burst of phytoplankton and epiphyton growth and increased light attenuation. When combined with nutrient loading, bicarbonate enrichment also resulted in a heavily phytoplankton- and epiphyton-dominated state, although bicarbonate enrichment per se does not cause the phytoplankton and epiphyton growth. However, increase in nutrient loading in water column had significant negative impact on individual performances (growth and photosynthesis) of the three submerged macrophytes and bicarbonate enrichment increased the effect of eutrophication on two dissected-leaf macrophytes (M. spicatum and E. nuttallii). Furthermore, our results also suggest that species-specific photosynthetic performances occurred when submerged macrophytes in an environment with high abundance of phytoplankton/epiphyton. This study highlighted that increase in nutrient loading and bicarbonate in water column is likely to interactively impact both abiotic and biotic properties of a freshwater ecosystem. The interactions of these two factors could select macrophyte species that are able to resist the shading from phytoplankton/epiphyton, making these species more dominant in natural freshwater ecosystems.     

Haloacetic acid removal by sequential zero-valent iron reduction and biologically active carbon degradation

An innovative haloacetic acid (HAA) removal process was developed. The process consisted of a zero-valent iron (Fe⁰) column followed by a biologically active carbon (BAC) column that were efficient in degrading tri- and di-HAAs, and mono- and di-HAAs, respectively. The merit of the process was demonstrated by its performance in removing trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). An empty bed contact time of 10 min achieved nearly complete removal of 1.2 μM TCAA and its subsequent products, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and monochloroacetic acid (MCAA). HAA removal was a result of chemical dehalogenation and biodegradation rather than physical adsorption. Preliminary kinetic analyses were conducted and the pseudo-first-order rate constants were estimated at ambient conditions for Fe⁰ reduction of TCAA and biodegradation of DCAA and MCAA by BAC. This innovative process is highly promising in removing HAAs from drinking water, swimming pool water, and domestic or industrial wastewater.     

次氯酸钠催化氧化法处理十二碳硫醇恶臭污水

采用活性炭和次氯酸钠催化氧化处理含有十二碳硫醇的恶臭污水,进行了小试并取得了良好的效果。在活性炭作催化剂,反应温度为100℃,反映时间为2-3min的实验条件下,1mL1%(m/v)NaClO即可处理100mL污水,处理后的废水无色无臭,可直接排放。     

泥石流灾情评估指标体系

泥石流灾情评估指标体系的建立应满足适用性、完备性、可比性、综合性和系统性原则,而指标的选取还应在一定的要求下确定。依据上述原则,在泥石流灾情网络分析结果的基础上,建立了评估指标体系的结构层次模型,进而对各类灾情评估指标进行了分析,确定出评估泥石流灾情的具体指标和因子。最后建立了以成灾度为目标层,经济损失,社会影响,环境损害为准则层。评估指标和评估因子为指标层的泥石流灾情评估指标体系。     

海洋塑料垃圾的环境行为与生态效应研究进展

海洋塑料污染是一个全球性问题.塑料垃圾作为海洋塑料污染物之一,对其研究和认识还不全面.本文在总结国内外相关研究基础上,综述了海洋塑料垃圾的来源与分布、降解、添加剂浸出、附着海洋生物和吸附污染物等环境行为,以及其生物效应(缠绕海洋动物和被海洋动物摄食).根据海洋塑料垃圾的研究现状,未来应加强测定方法、塑料浸出物的毒性效应...     

Levels, sources, and health risks of carbonyls in residential indoor air in Hangzhou, China

Concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, i-pentanal, and butyraldehyde in residential indoor air in Hangzhou were determined. The mean concentration of the total carbonyl compounds in summer was 222.6 μg/m³, higher than that in winter (68.5 μg/m³). The concentration of a specific carbonyl in indoor air was higher than the outdoor air measurement, indicating the release of carbonyls from the indoor sources. Formaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls detected in summer and winter, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that carbonyl concentrations in residential indoor air depended on the age of decoration and furniture, as well as their concentrations in outdoor air. In addition, a primary estimation showed that the health risks of carbonyls in summer were higher than those in winter.