美国佛罗里达州阿波普卡湖水文和土地利用变化的生物突变响应

阿波普卡(Apopka)湖位于佛罗里达中北部,是一个富营养化的浅水湖泊.1947年,湖泊的初级生产群落结构(PPCS)发生了巨大的变化.在1947年,水下的水生植物被飓风连根拔起,并在数周之内被浮游植物所替代,初级生产群落结构发生了突然演替.在此我们提出两个假设解释群落结构向浮游植物的突然演替.首先,流域在19世纪初后期的水文变化使湖泊的水位大约下降了1.0 m,从而使生态系统通过大型植物群落生产力提高适应了中等的、人为的营养物质富集的环境.第二,开始于1942年的泛滥平原湿地的水文变化和大规模的农业发展,改变了湖泊中磷载荷的模式和规模,引起了1947年浮游植物占优势的突然变化.历史上土地利用变化和古湖泊在营养物的生物响应数据方面也支持这些假设.     

Anthropogenic impacts on natural nitrogen isotope variations in Pinus sylvestris stands in an industrially polluted area

Natural variations of the nitrogen isotopes 15N/14N (delta15N values) and the N concentrations of one-year-old needles from 7-12-year-old pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) were determined on 27 sites in the heavily polluted Leipzig-Halle region (former GDR). At three selected sites measurements were repeated over a period of 2 years. N concentrations and delta15N values in different needle age classes were compared at the three sites. The delta15N values of the N in the humus layer and the potential plant available N in the A(h) horizon of the local soil were determined. The 15N/14N isotope ratios (delta15N values) of one-year-old pine needles in the region of Leipzig-Halle were found to vary depending on their specific location by a factor of up to one order of magnitude (-9.6 per thousand to + 0.4 per thousand ). N concentrations in one-year-old pine needles varied between 0.71 and 1.38 mmol eq N g dw(-1). Pine stands with positive or slightly negative delta15N values and high N concentrations in one-year-old needles were concentrated around the cities of Leipzig and Halle and in the industrial areas. More negative delta15N values and lower N concentrations in one-year-old pine needles were found on sites at greater distances from the industrial agglomerations, mainly in the NE forested part. Site specific differences in the delta15N values of the N in the humus layer from three selected sites were similar to those found for the needles. No site specific differences, however, were found for the delta15N values of the water soluble nitrogen fraction from the mineral soil horizons of the same sites.     

混合岩的成因和演化

<正> 常有报导,高级变质区的混合岩是由于就地部分熔融形成的。虽然如比,但这个假设至今几乎没有人用野外观察结果以及有关的地球化学和实验资料严格加以检验过。对于层状混合岩尤其如此。如果就地部分熔融可以认为是层状混合岩形成的一个工作假说的话,那么通过岩石学观察就应当能提供详细的证据,然而至今缺乏这样的证据。 在混合岩形成的解释方面,目前不仅存在相互矛盾的模式,而且在这样的模式和野外观察资料之间也存在不一致的地方。本文将讨论下列观察资料和问     

Women,politics and global management

The United Nations (UN) sponsored three decennial world population conferences over the period 1974-94. The first such conference was held in 1974 in Bucharest, Romania, at which the North and the South became polarized over the importance of demographics relative to other development concerns. Northern countries proposed vigorous family planning programs to control rapid population growth, while many Southern governments, led by China and India, argued instead that higher priority should be given to socioeconomic development and the more equitable distribution of resources between the North and South. After a decade of extremely rapid population growth, however, most Southern countries had adopted antinatalist policies by the second world population conference held in 1984 in Mexico City. While Southern countries had adopted the 1974 Northern view of world population growth, widespread political and religious conservatism in the US at the time of the second conference had the US delegation opposing abortion and being neutral on demographic factors. The US argued that private markets would solve many population problems and the US government even withdrew financial support to several international organizations, such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the UN Population Fund. The third decennial UN-sponsored world population conference, the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) held in Cairo, Egypt, however, succeeded in shifting concern about world demographics into a gender-sensitive, people-centered approach of sustainable human development and bringing sensitive and ideologically charged population issues into the public domain. It was also a landmark in the management of complex global problems such as population. The international consensus achieved in Cairo and summarized in a World Program of Action was truly a monumental achievement. The authors note the shift in rhetoric to concerns about women's status and reproductive health, the involvement of nongovernmental organizations, and the unfinished agenda of the World Program of Action.     

凯里马西火山:一个被忽视了的碳酸岩火山

<正> 东非的一个突出的地质特征是格雷戈里裂谷(东部裂谷)及其伴随有喷出碳酸岩的碱性火成活动。凯里马西碳酸岩是坦桑尼亚北部新第三纪火山区的一个年轻的喷发岩体,呈几乎完整的对称火山锥产出。锥体横跨裂谷的断崖,并被杂岩体后的断层所错开(图1a,1b),凯里马西火山口仅距奥尔多尼奥伦盖火山口12     

魁北克省布斯魁特金矿体下伏的含锰石榴石:变质的含锰沉积物可作为金矿的一个找矿标志

<正> 引言含锰的富镁铁榴石的岩石产于魁北克省西北阿比蒂比绿岩带布莱克河群内布斯魁特矿山3号含金黄铁矿层状矿体下面(图1)。在围绕该矿床的其他地层中并没有石榴石产出。实际上,在布莱克河群中富锰石榴石的产出是迄今所报道的唯一例子。过去报道过的石榴石是钙铁榴石,它只产在围绕某些晚期长英质侵入体的接触变质带中(Jolly,1978,1980)。由于上述情况加上它与金矿化作用的密切关系,所以有必     

热液喷发机制与热泉金矿床

<正> 引言近年来,现代的和古代的热泉环境中的热液喷发产物,日益受到人们的重视。最先描述这类沉淀物的学者有White(1955,科罗拉多州莱克城)和Lloyd(1959,新西兰怀奥塔普)。最近,Muffler等(1971,黄石公园)、Llyod和Keam(1976,新西兰怀曼库)、Nairn和Wiradiradja(1980,新西兰卡韦劳)均报道过热液喷发产物。几个具有历史意义的实例也已搬上了银幕,其中包括新西兰卡拉皮蒂(1981)和新西兰怀曼库(1904)的热液喷发产     

Chemical compounds of the foraging recruitment pheromone in bumblebees

When the frenzied and irregular food-recruitment dances of bumblebees were first discovered, it was thought that they might represent an evolutionary prototype to the honeybee waggle dance. It later emerged that the primary function of the bumblebee dance was the distribution of an alerting pheromone. Here, we identify the chemical compounds of the bumblebee recruitment pheromone and their behaviour effects. The presence of two monoterpenes and one sesquiterpene (eucalyptol, ocimene and farnesol) in the nest airspace and in the tergal glands increases strongly during foraging. Of these, eucalyptol has the strongest recruitment effect when a bee nest is experimentally exposed to it. Since honeybees use terpenes for marking food sources rather than recruiting foragers inside the nest, this suggests independent evolutionary roots of food recruitment in these two groups of bees.     

Changes in phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna clone C1 242 in response to copper, cadmium and pentachlorophenol

In order to develop a sound biotechnique for monitoring water quality that builds on the previous experiments carried out in our laboratory, a specific D. magna clone C1242 was used to study the effects of pollutants on phototactic behavior, in all experiments, the animals showed a stable and repeatable phototactic index approximated 0.2 in the presence and 0.4 in the absence of fish kairomenes, which decreased significantly in response to pollutants. There existed no pollutant x fish kairomone interaction, indicating the changes in phototactic behavior of animals imposed by pollutants were independent of the presence of fish kairomones. The detection limits for changes in phototactic behavior of D. magna clone C1 242 are 0.04 mg/L for copper, 0.02 mg/L for cadmium, and 0.80 mg/L for PCP, respectively, quite lowerthan LC50(48 h). The changes in phototactic behavior in presence to pollutants occurred quickly(3 h) compared to the period over whole acute toxicity tests. Therefore, D. magna clone C1 242 could be potentially used to monitor water quality. Moreover, the phototactic behavior did not decrease further in the pollutant mixtures employed in our experiments compared to individual pollutants, except in the Cd-PCP Lre.atme~t.This fact suggests that the formation of water quality criteria must be based upon pollutant mixture tests.Keywords: Daphnia; phototactic behavior; copper; cadmium; pentachlorophenol; fish kairomenes     

用X射线光电子能谱(ESCA)和加热释气分析法(EGA)初步探讨北京大气飘尘中硫和氮等的化学状态

用X射线光电子能谱和加热释气分析法测定了三种北京大气飘尘中硫和氮等的主要化学状态,并结合两种不同配料蜂窝煤所得烟尘和个别煤样的电子能谱进行了初步探讨。