近10 a廉州湾富营养化因子变化特征及其与赤潮演变的关系

利用2005~2015年广西廉州湾每年枯水期、丰水期和平水期共32个航次的监测数据,分析了营养盐等富营养化因子的变化特征,用富营养化指数评价该海域富营养化程度的演变,并探讨富营养化因子变化与浮游植物响应的关系。结果表明,近10 a廉州湾的营养盐及COD最高浓度主要出现在丰水期,DIN和PO₄-P枯水期明显高于平水期,SiO₃-Si和COD在枯水期和平水期浓度相近。PO₄-P年际间变化幅度较大并呈较明显上升趋势,SiO₃-Si呈下降趋势,DIN和COD年均变化总体不大。在枯水期PO₄-P、DIN和COD均呈现出上升趋势。径流输入对海湾的DIN和COD变化起主导作用,生活排污、水产养殖对PO₄-P的分布和变化有重要的作用。年均富营养化指数范围为0.10~1.85,富营养化程度主要由DIN、PO₄-P决定。海湾营养盐结构总体处于P限制状态,近10 a N/P和Si/P比例呈显著下降趋势,P限制在一定程度减轻。廉州湾在高DIN和高SiO₃-Si值的条件下,PO₄-P输入量的徒增及其导致营养盐比例的改变是诱发赤潮的最重要环境因素。近年来营养盐输入增加,富营养化程度有所加重,P限制得到一定的缓解,海湾赤潮的生态风险加大。     

天津冬季一次污染过程中NOx和O3的立体分布特征

由于大气是一个复杂介质,低层大气中湍流的存在使物质和能量的交换很剧烈,污染物的扩散传输现象明显.对不同高度不同区域的低层大气做立体观测,获取气态污染物浓度分布最直接的资料很有必要.综合利用地面观测站点、系留气球和飞机平台,于2016年11月25—26日在天津武清高村一次污染天气条件下对NO_x和O₃进行立体观测,得到了污染物的地面、垂直和低空区域分布特征,并结合气象因子进行分析研究.观测结果表明,地面$\varphi $（NO_x）水平较高,日均值为230×10-9,超过了GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的限值,反映了高村冬季较高的污染水平,主要受当地交通源排放的影响.$\varphi $（NO_x）随高度的上升呈下降趋势,受风速的影响明显,主要积聚在逆温层以下.低空$\varphi $（NO_x）市区高于郊区,而处于更远郊区的高村$\varphi $（NO_x）与市区相当,也反映了高村本地较高的NO_x污染.高村地面$\varphi $（O₃）低,日最大8 h平均值为8×10-9,反映了冬季低温辐射弱、光化学反应强度低的特点.随高度增加$\varphi $（O₃）呈上升趋势,垂直分布特征主要与温度层结有关.低空$\varphi $（O₃）呈郊区高于市区,高村（远郊区）高于近郊区的特征.研究显示,$\varphi $（NO_x）的升高导致$\varphi $（O₃）下降,这可能与高村冬季的$\varphi $（VOCs）/$\varphi $（NO_x）偏低有关,需要结合VOCs观测数据做进一步分析.      

不同催花肥对莲雾根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为了解在反季节催花期间不同催花肥处理下莲雾根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对细菌16S rRNA V3-V4区进行检测,并结合土壤理化性质,比较分析不施肥（CK）与两种不同浓度施肥处理组（IF组,即无机肥处理组;GM组,即羊粪有机肥处理组）下的根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性.结果表明:①所有样品中共检测到10 925个OTU（operational taxonomic unit,操作分类单元）,包括239 639条有效序列,可分为28个门411个属.②多样性指数分析显示,细菌群落多样性顺序为IFM（中浓度无机肥处理）> GML（低浓度羊粪有机肥处理）> IFL（低浓度无机肥处理）> GMM（中浓度羊粪有机肥处理）> CK（对照）> IFH（高浓度无机肥处理）> GMH（高浓度羊粪有机肥处理）.其中,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）为主要菌群,所占比例超过总数的67.33%.③不同施肥条件下莲雾根际土壤细菌群落结构特征分析显示,CK、IF组和GM组所特有的OTU数量分别占总数的0.51%、7.08%和2.60%,表明不同肥料的添加对土壤细菌群落多样性产生一定的影响,在IFH和GMH处理下,酸杆菌门的Subgroup_2_norank属与绿弯菌门的JG37-AG-4_norank属的相对丰度最高,分别为13.13%和15.89%.④环境因子的相关性热图分析表明,装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）这五类菌群与不同环境因子的显著性关系如下:装甲菌门群落结构与pH呈现出极显著正相关,硝化螺旋菌门群落结构分别与w（TN）和w（有机质）呈现出显著负相关,酸杆菌门群落结构与w（速效磷）呈现出显著负相关,放线菌门群落结构与w（速效磷）呈现出显著正相关,厚壁菌门群落结构分别与w（速效磷）和w（速效钾）呈现出极显著正相关.研究显示,适量施加无机肥或羊粪有机肥,可以显著提高土壤细菌的丰度和多样性,有利于土壤生态环境的改良与维系.      

基于系统投入产出和生态网络分析的能源-水耦合关系与协同管理研究——以湖北省为例

能源和水资源之间存在紧密的耦合关系。以往的资源管理政策往往只关注单一资源,忽略了两者的关联性。为促进能源和水资源综合管理,有必要开展能源-水耦合关系和协同管理研究。从社会经济网络视角出发,论文综合运用系统投入产出和生态网络分析方法,构建了湖北省2007和2012年能源-水耦合网络核算框架。结果表明：1）2012年湖北体现能源最终消费量为14 304.93万tce,体现水资源最终消费量为346.66亿m³,相比2007年分别增长52.26%和7.89%,其中,体现在最终使用中能源与水资源流有近50%来自制造业;2）2007年湖北省水资源网络和能源网络的循环率都约为2.71%,与2007年相比,2012年水资源网络循环率显著增长至4.23%~4.40%,而能源网络循环率则变化较小;3）能源网络和水资源网络的系统鲁棒性都偏向于冗余度更高、效率更低的一侧;4）由于能源-水耦合网络的引入,2007—2012年间,在能源和水资源网络中,电力、热力生产和供应部门对于大多数部门的控制都呈现不同程度的增强趋势。研究辨识了能源与水资源协同管理的关键部门和路径,为湖北省能源和水资源可持续利用提供了理论与数据支撑。     

不同价态铁处理腈纶废水过程中菌群结构分析

利用不同反应器条件（SBBR、Fe （0）-SBBR、Fe （Ⅱ）-SBBR、Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR）对腈纶废水进行处理,探究不同价态铁对腈纶废水处理过程及此过程中微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,Fe （0）/Fe （Ⅱ）/Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR对腈纶废水有良好的处理效果,特别是NH₄⁺-N,去除率均在90%以上;整个运行周期内Fe （0）-SBBR处理效果最好.利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析处理过程中微生物群落结构,结果表明,Fe （0）/Fe （Ⅱ）/Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR优势菌在属水平上差异显著,Fe （0）-SBBR主要以Gemmata、Planctomyces、Aridibacter、Fluviicola等属为主;Fe （Ⅱ）-SBBR主要以Thermomonas、Aridibacter、Bacillus、Paracoccus等属为主;Fe （Ⅲ）-SBBR主要以Planctomyces、Bacillus、Nostocoida、Aridibacter等属为主;与对照组SBBR相比,Fe （0）-SBBR对其处于相对劣势的菌有很好的刺激生长作用;Fe （0）和Fe （Ⅲ）对微生物群落的改变大于Fe （Ⅱ）.     

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

Toxicity evaluation of ZnO and TiO2 nanomaterials in hydroponic red bean (Vigna angularis) plant: Physiology, biochemistry and kinetic transport

The toxicity and kinetic uptake potential of zinc oxide(Zn O) and titanium dioxide(TiO_2)nanomaterials into the red bean(Vigna angularis) plant were investigated. The results obtained revealed that Zn O, due to its high dissolution and strong binding capacity, readily accumulated in the root tissues and significantly inhibited the physiological activity of the plant. However, TiO_2 had a positive effect on plant physiology, resulting in promoted growth. The results of biochemical experiments implied that Zn O, through the generation of oxidative stress, significantly reduced the chlorophyll content, carotenoids and activity of stress-controlling enzymes. On the contrary, no negative biochemical impact was observed in plants treated with TiO_2. For the kinetic uptake and transport study, we designed two exposure systems in which Zn O and TiO_2 were exposed to red bean seedlings individually or in a mixture approach. The results showed that in single metal oxide treatments, the uptake and transport increased with increasing exposure period from one week to three weeks.However, in the metal oxide co-exposure treatment, due to complexation and competition among the particles, the uptake and transport were remarkably decreased. This suggested that the kinetic transport pattern of the metal oxide mixtures varied compared to those of its individual constituents.     

复杂结构隧道火灾烟气逆流与温度分布的数值模拟

隧道结构对火灾具有一定的影响,为了得到大曲率、变坡度复杂结构隧道火灾的烟气特性,依托深圳市某长大公路隧道建设工程,建立隧道模型,利用Star-CD/CCM^+数值模拟软件的烟火向导模块,对不同通风速度下的重型货车火灾进行了模拟研究,分析了不同通风速度下隧道内的纵向温度分布规律。结果表明:火灾热释放速率为30 M W时,无通风条件下,火灾烟气的最高温度位于隧道顶棚下方20 cm处,火源正上方的温度最大达到1190℃,隧道坡度的存在使得火源上游烟气逐渐向下游扩散,下游烟气温度在300 s后保持在500℃以上,该高温会对隧道结构造成一定的损伤;控制烟气逆流的临界风速为4.0 m/s,大于由Wu&Baker经验公式得到的值.表明隧道曲率对流场运动有一定的抑制作用;在该临界风速的作用下,烟气向火源下游扩散,扩散速度为6 m/S,烟气的最高温度降低至550℃,且位置向火源下游偏移6 m。建议火源下游行驶车辆的疏散逃生速度大于6m/s。     

A case study of development and application of a streamlined control and response modeling system for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China

This article describes the development and application of a streamlined air control and response modeling system with a novel response surface modeling-linear coupled fitting method and a new module to provide streamlined model data for PM_(2.5) attainment assessment in China.This method is capable of significantly reducing the dimensions required to establish a response surface model,as well as capturing more realistic response of PM_(2.5) to emission changes with a limited number of model simulations.The newly developed module establishes a data link between the system and the Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE),and has the ability to rapidly provide model responses to emission control scenarios for SMAT-CE using a simple interface.The performance of this streamlined system is demonstrated through a case study of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) in China.Our results show that this system is capable of reproducing the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality(CMAQ) model simulation results with maximum mean normalized error 3.5%.It is also demonstrated that primary emissions make a major contribution to ambient levels of PM_(2.5) in January and August(e.g.,more than50%contributed by primary emissions in Shanghai),and Shanghai needs to have regional emission control both locally and in its neighboring provinces to meet China's annual PM_(2.5)National Ambient Air Quality Standard.The streamlined system provides a real-time control/response assessment to identify the contributions of major emission sources to ambient PM_(2.5)(and potentially O_3 as well) and streamline air quality data for SMAT-CE to perform attainment assessments.