自然资源资产审计制度的供给侧改革

自然资源是可持续发展的基础。完善自然资源资产审计制度,是保护自然资源、践行生态文明的要求。自然资源资产审计的前提是自然资源的确权和量化,是自然资源与自然资源资产在审计上的“融合”。作为自然资源资产审计的依据,相关制度应该对自然资源的确权、计量和有效利用作出合理安排,才能有效抑制资源滥用冲动。但立足于自然资源资产审计实践,综合运用文献研究、个案调查、跨学科研究等方法,分析现行的自然资源制度,没有发现可操作性的自然资源产权制度、计量制度和评价制度,已有制度存在权责不匹配、责任界定不清晰、公众参与有困难、审计指标不健全;制度系统呈现存量不足、增量困难、实践不力,不能适应新时代要求和自然资源合理利用需要。因此,可以从制度存量、增量和协同三条路径实施制度供给侧改革;在完善制度存量方面,可以在经济责任审计规定中嵌入自然资源资产审计内容,完善自然资源资产评价标准、责任制度和审计结果运用办法等;在提高制度增量方面,完善自然资源资产的权利制度、计量制度、信息公开制度和公众参与制度等;同时,通过适时修订审计法、制定自然资源资产法,强化制度协调,以突破自然资源资产的制度瓶颈,方便审计算好“生态账”、把好“生态关”。在自然资源资产制度改革过程中,需要借助决策层和专家力量,摆脱部门立法局限,强化制度协调;同时,制度改革也是一个不断优化的过程,要兼顾公众、个人、政府及其职能部门等多方利益,才能有效满足资源节约型和环境友好型社会的需要。     

Study on phosphorus loadings in ten natural and agricultural watersheds in subtropical region of China

Water eutrophication in subtropical regions of southern China threatens watershed health and is of major concern. However, annual phosphorus (P) loading and its dominant causes are still unclear, especially at the watershed scale. In this study, we investigated dynamic P loadings and associated factors (e.g., land use, livestock production, and runoff depth) in ten watersheds that varied in area from 9 to 5,212 ha in a hilly area of Hunan Province, China. A flowmeter was installed at the outlet of each watershed, and total P (TP) and soluble P (SP) concentrations were monitored periodically from June 2010 to October 2012. The results showed that annual P loadings (APLs) in the ten watersheds ranged from 22.8 to 247.8 kg P/km² and that P loss primarily occurred from April to June of each year during the main rainfall season in the study area. In addition, the average eutrophication (>0.05 mg P/L) ratio for stream waters was 86.7 % during the study period, which was indicative of a potentially serious condition for the local water environments. Annual P loadings were linearly related to livestock density (LD; R?=?0.92, p?<?0.01), whereas the eutrophication ratio of stream water was significantly (p?<?0.05) correlated with LD (R?=?0.61), percentage cropland (R?=?0.71), and percentage forest cover (R?=??0.68). Thus, it is concluded that the control of livestock production has the greatest potential for reducing P loadings in watersheds in this subtropical area. This will be beneficial to the amelioration and protection of local environment.     

Optimization of bio-drying of kitchen waste: inoculation,initial moisture content and bulking agents

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Bio-drying has been proved to be a promising method for treatment of MSW (municipal solid waste) and sewage sludge due to its high energy...     

Exploring the spatial-temporal variations and policy-based driving force behind groundwater contamination and remediation research in past decades

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Groundwater has been recognized as one of the most critical and vulnerable natural sources which is utilized in potable water supply, agricultural...     

氨化松香基交联聚合树脂对水中诺氟沙星的吸附性能

将松香基功能高分子进行胺基化得到氨化松香基交联聚合树脂(aminated rosin-based resin,ARBR),采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)和比表面分析(BET)对ARBR进行了表征.利用ARBR树脂对水中诺氟沙星(NOR)吸附去除,系统研究了树脂投加量、pH值、接触时间、离子强度和温度等因素对NOR吸附性能的影响.结果表明,pH在2.0~6.0范围内,ABRA对NOR的去除效果随着溶液pH值的增加而升高,在8~10之间则呈现下降趋势;共存离子溶液的存在对ARBR去除NOR的行为总体上表现为促进作用.ARBR对水中诺氟沙星的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地描述ARBR对水中NOR的吸附过程,理论最大吸附量为30.29 mg·g~(-1)(pH 6.0、20℃).吸附热力学分析表明,ARBR对水中诺氟沙星的吸附是自发吸热的过程,属于物理吸附,其吸附机制主要为氢键与静电作用.脱附再生实验发现,0.1 mol·L~(-1)HCl溶液效果明显优于其它脱附液,进一步确证了氢键在吸附中的主导作用;经过5次吸附-脱附循环后,对NOR仍具有稳定的吸附性能,可再生循环使用.对比了不同类型商品化树脂,ARBR具有较好的吸附效果.该研究结果拓展了松香高值化的应用研究领域,对开发松香在环境微污染控制中的应用具有理论指导意义.     

β-In2S3的制备及其太阳光下降解土霉素

利用水热反应法制备β-In2S3纳米颗粒光催化剂,并利用SEM、TEM和XRD等对其进行分析表征;采用土霉素溶液模拟四环素类抗生素废水,探讨In2S3对土霉素的降解效果.结果表明,β-In2S3为立方相纳米颗粒结构,该纳米颗粒由纳米片组成,直径约15~30 nm.以太阳光为辐射光源,In2S3对土霉素具有良好的光催化降解效果,在4 h内对初始浓度为30 mg·L-1的土霉素降解率可达98%以上.降解土霉素后的催化剂在无水乙醇中清洗并烘干,经4次循环利用后,β-In2S3的降解能力仍能达到85%以上,表明β-In2S3光催化剂具有良好的稳定性以及光催化活性.     

Influence of coagulation mechanisms and floc formation on filterability

Minimizing particles in water is a key goal for improving drinking water quality and safety.The media filtration process,as the last step of the solid–liquid separation process,is largely influenced by the characteristics of flocs,which are formed and controlled within the coagulation process.In a laboratory-based study,the impacts of the physical characteristics of flocs formed using aluminum sulfate on the filtration treatment of two comparative water samples were investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer and a filterability apparatus.In general,the optimum dosage for maximizing filterability was higher than that for minimizing turbidity under neutral p H conditions.For a monomeric aluminum-based coagulant,the charge neutralization mechanism produced better floc characteristics,including floc growth speed and size,than the sweep flocculation mechanism.In addition,the charge neutralization mechanism showed better performance compared to sweep flocculation in terms of DOC removal and floc filterability improvement for both waters,and showed superiority in turbidity removal only when the raw water had high turbidity.For the different mechanisms,the ways that floc characteristics impacted on floc filterability also differed.The low variation in floc size distribution obtained under the charge neutralization mechanism resulted in the flocs being amenable to removal by filtration processes.For the sweep flocculation mechanism,increasing the floc size improved the settling ability of flocs,resulting in higher filter efficiency.     

LNG储罐安全阀泄漏分析与故障排查

针对16×10~4m~3LNG储罐安全阀泄漏问题,从阀门结构角度对泄漏原因进行了详细的分析,认为主要有三种可能:(1)导阀失效;(2)上阀腔漏气;(3)阀座密封不严。根据分析结论,提出了故障排查的方法以及操作步骤;结合阀门解体检查情况,建立了阀门失效的故障树,从投产、阀门运行维护角度提出了相关建议。     

酸性水储罐安全性研究

为预防酸性水储罐气相空间闪爆事故的发生,取样分析了某炼厂酸性水罐气相空间组成,根据气相组成配制了3种混合可燃气体,利用5 L爆炸极限测试仪测定了混合可燃气体在不同氧含量条件下的爆炸极限,根据爆炸极限数据计算出3种混合可燃气体的极限氧含量。结果表明:随着体系中氧含量增加,爆炸上限明显升高,爆炸下限无明显变化;烃类物质含量高时,混合可燃气体的爆炸上下限均降低,爆炸极限宽度变小;硫化氢和氢气含量高时,混合可燃气体爆炸上下限均升高,爆炸极限宽度变大;3种气相组成的极限氧含量分别为:8.1%、9.9%和10.3%,为防止罐顶气相组成发生闪爆,建议氧含量浓度控制在4%以内,当氧含量浓度到达5%时建议启动氮气联锁进行惰化和稀释。     

酸雨区不同用地类型土壤有效态Cd含量季节变化及关键影响因子

探明污染土壤重金属有效态含量的季节变化特征及其敏感影响因子,对农业生产过程中减低重金属生态风险具有重要的参考价值.研究于湘江中下游典型Cd超标农业小流域中选取稻田、旱作蔬菜地、丘陵林地这3类主要用地类型,分析不同用地类型Cd活性的季节变化特征及其与土壤基本理化参数的关联.为期1 a的原位监测结果显示,研究区为典型酸雨区,雨水p H值呈现冬、春季节低于夏、秋季.稻田土壤总Cd含量显著高于旱作蔬菜地,菜地显著高于林地,3种用地类型土壤总Cd含量季节特征相似,均为夏秋季节略低于冬春两季.3种用地类型Cd有效态季节变化与总Cd含量无明显的相关性,稻田土壤有效态Cd含量在5~9月的作物生长季明显低于其他月份,而菜地和林地则恰好相反.稻田土壤Cd有效性的最关键影响因子为Eh,呈显著正相关,与土壤p H负相关,菜地土壤与土壤TOC明显负相关,而林地土壤Cd有效性与水溶性有机碳、TOC呈现明显的正相关关系.研究可为Cd超标土壤污染阻控与农业安全生产提供一定的数据参考.