隧道掘进爆破载荷作用下埋地管道的振动峰值速度预测研究*

为研究隧道掘进爆破过程中地震效应对邻近埋地管道安全性的影响,建立平行于隧道的埋地管道数值模型,将管道视为薄壳圆柱体,定义管道在动载荷作用下的塑性破坏准则,并利用无量纲分析法构建管道表面质点的振动速度关于振动频率与爆破持续时间的数学模型,从而研究埋地管道受震特性。结果表明:隧道掘进爆破作业下成洞侧的管道应力峰值低于非成洞侧的管道应力峰值,爆炸载荷下邻近埋地管道表面最大振动速度位于爆源与管道表面最近点处,在该点两侧45度范围内为管道易受损位置。将预测公式计算所得振速峰值与数值模型提取的振速峰值进行比较,得出二者的平均误差约为17.7 %。     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.     

三峡库区非点源氮磷负荷研究

掌握非点源污染形成的机理和变化规律是控制和治理非点源污染的关键。三峡水库非点源污染物来源范围广,每年随上游来水输入库区的非点源污染物成为三峡入库非点源负荷的主要部分。为研究三峡入库非点源污染物负荷变化规律,以SLURP水文模型和输出系数法为基础,建立了长江重庆寸滩断面以上流域的非点源污染负荷模型,模型在模拟计算1996~2002年寸滩断面入库非点源TN年负荷和非点源TP年负荷时,除1998年非点源TP负荷计算误差高于50%外,其它各年非点源TN负荷和TP负荷计算误差基本上小于30%,具有较好的模拟计算效果。该模型的建立和应用将为流域的有关管理部门提供该流域非点源污染控制和治理的决策依据。     

长江水系武汉段沉积物再悬浮过程中PAHs的释放动力学

采用沉积物再悬浮模拟装置进行了再悬浮过程中多环芳烃（PAHs）的释放动力学实验,研究了长江水系武汉段7种沉积物中PAHs的释放动力学特征,并考察了沉积物组成对PAHs释放动力学的影响.结果表明,不同剪应力作用下的沉积物再悬浮过程中,不同性质沉积物中PAHs向上覆水体的释放均符合一级动力学方程,且释放过程分为两个阶段,第...     

磷酸盐水泥对^90Sr固化性能的研究

以含95%MgO的重烧镁砂、磷酸盐和硼砂为原料,制备了磷酸盐水泥,研究其对90Sr的固化性能.同时,通过XRD、SEM等手段对固化体物相组成及显微结构进行分析,参照国家标准＂放射性废物固化体长期浸出试验＂（GB7023—86）对固化体进行抗浸出性能试验.结果表明,90Sr的加入会降低磷酸盐水泥固化体的抗压强度,随着90...     

几种植物对水产养殖废水的修复效果

文章研究了凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻、香根草和水蕹菜四种水生植物在亚热带气候条件下净化水产养殖废水的效果,跟踪比较了一个月之内它们处理污水时,水体氮、磷、化学需氧量、pH值和溶解氧的变化,并对实验前后植物鲜重做了比较。结果表明:(1)4种植物均能强化水产养殖废水污染物的去除,但各有特点;(2)理论上凤眼莲和轮叶黑藻可在处理废水时相互搭配弥补不足,维持水体中性和较高的DO;(3)植物对废水经过2~3周的处理后,水质明显变好,而植物生长开始减退,应及时收割补种;(4)夏季用水生蕹菜处理废水,不仅改善了水质还能收菜创经济效益。研究结果为探索广东地区在构建人工湿地处理水产养殖废水时植物的选择提供了新的科学依据。     

自动增氧人工湿地处理农村生活污水脱氮研究

针对人工湿地中溶解氧浓度不足和脱氮率偏低的问题,设计了自动增氧人工湿地进行农村生活污水处理对比试验研究.结果表明,自动增氧湿地内的DO浓度比普通人工湿地高0.3me期mg/L左右,TN、NH<,4><'+>-N去除率分别达到了67.41%、69.114%,比普通湿地高14.57%、19.79%.同时,自动增氧人工湿地系统中的亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌数量均高于普通人工湿地系统,说明自动增氧措施对于提高人工湿地脱氮效率是有效的.