远程氩等离子体对聚醚砜膜表面性能的改性

采用双悬浮探针和电子自旋共振法定量对远程氩等离子体进行诊断,确定了电子、离子浓度和自由基浓度的分布,以预测表面改性的最佳区;利用远程氩等离子体对聚醚砜（PES）超滤膜进行表面改性,通过接触角测量、扫描电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱分析改性前后膜表面结构和性能的变化,最后利用牛血清蛋白分离实验分析改性前后膜的分离性能和抗污染性能变化.结果表明,氩等离子体中电子、离子浓度沿轴向距离逐渐降低,在30cm后接近于0,而40cm处自由基浓度仍维持在90%以上,为可能的最佳表面改性区;在该区对PES超滤膜改性后,引入含氧基团和含氮基团,膜表面（O+N）/C原子比从0.18增大到0.46,增强膜表面极性;在最佳处理条件下,膜表面接触角从67°减小到18°,使膜表面亲水性能增强,抑制了电子、离子对膜的刻蚀作用;通过牛血清蛋白实验测定改性后膜污染率由70.3%减小到64.7%,抗污染性能提高.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

铜绿微囊藻中性红染色研究

以铜绿微囊藻为材料,研究了中性红染色法在藻细胞活性检测方面的运用。对染色剂浓度、染色时间、细胞密度和细胞活性等条件进行了研究。结果显示,中性红浓度为1/5000,染色时间15min时,染色率可以达到98%以上。而常用的台盼蓝染色效果较差,只有50%左右。在藻细胞活性检测中,中性红比台盼蓝更准确和可靠。     

铁阳极电凝聚法处理活性红241染料废水能耗分析

对铁阳极电凝聚处理活性红241染料废水过程影响电能消耗的影响因素进行了考察.结果表明:电流密度、染料废水初始pH、染料废水温度、电解质浓度以及染料浓度的变化均能对能耗和脱色效率产生较大影响;电流效率受电流密度、染料废水初始pH、电解质浓度的影响较大,受染料废水温度和初始浓度影响不大;对于浓度为50 mg/L的活性红241染料废水,在电流强度为12.5 A/m2、电解温度为25 ℃、硫酸钠浓度为0.01 mol/L、pH为7.53、电解时间为60 min的实验条件下,染料废水脱色率达92.7%,电能消耗为1.53kWh/kg dye,电流效率为94.2%.     

呼市TSP大气污染趋势分析

本文对呼市TSP大气污染变化进行了分析,认为呼市TSP污染从2003年以来得到控制,"十五"较"九五"期间有明显的改善,采暖期TSP污染得到有效治理,并提出消除呼市大气TSP污染的有效对策.     

有机酸在修复Cd污染土壤中的作用研究

采用盆栽实验研究了有机酸在镉污染土壤修复中的作用.结果表明:土壤采用有机酸处理均能促进试验植物蒲公英的生长.施加有机酸显著的改变了植株各部位镉含量.酒石酸抑制植株各部位对镉的吸收,说明酒石酸可减轻镉对植株的毒害作用.醋酸、EDTA、柠檬酸、乳酸、草酸均能促进植株地上部对镉的吸收作用,其作用次序为醋酸＞EDTA＞柠檬酸＞乳酸＞草酸.施加有机酸增强土壤中重金属的活性,提高植株修复能力.     

铁同位素方法在环境地球化学研究中的应用与进展

由于同位素分析方法的改进和多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪的使用,近年来Fe同位素地球化学研究有了很大进展,成为国际地学领域的一个热点研究方向。Fe在自然界广泛存在,分布于各类矿物、岩石、流体和生物体中,并广泛参与成岩成矿作用、热液活动和生命活动过程。自然界中各类无机过程(从高温到低温)、生物及有机过程均能使Fe同位素发生分馏,δ56Fe值约为-1.62‰～+0.91‰。文章系统介绍了Fe同位素研究的最新进展,包括Fe同位素测试方法简介、样品前处理、质谱测定、Fe同位素分馏机理和应用前景展望等,着重对该技术在环境地球化学、生物示踪、古海洋学研究等领域中的应用及前景做了阐述。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中金属镍消解方法的改进

探讨一种快捷有效的土壤样品消解方法，即采用王水-过氧化氢体系消化土壤样品。该法操作简便，减少了耗酸量与操作时间。测定结果精密度高，准确性好。     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸来源、迁移及转化

为阐述青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的来源、迁移及转化研究,2013年7月31日、10月25日分别在青木关地下河入口、天窗和出口处进行采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7月和10月样品中溶解态正构烷烃、脂肪酸的平均含量分别为1 354、667 ng·L-1和24 203、2 526ng·L-1.溶解态正构烷烃和脂肪酸的含量随地下河运移距离的增加均呈降低的趋势;基于正构烷烃分子特征参数CPI、OEP、Paq和R(ΣC≤20含量与总量的百分比)发现7月青木关地下河中溶解态正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物和藻类.10月主要来源于地表水生植物,但随着地下河运移距离的增加,藻类和细菌等微生物的贡献逐渐增大;溶解态脂肪酸C16:0比例最高,结合碳峰分布特征显示7月和10月水样中,藻类和细菌等微生物为地下河中溶解态脂肪酸的主要来源.