基于遥感反演长江中游地区悬浮泥沙研究

悬浮泥沙定量研究对于调查长江的水质、地貌、生态环境等起着至关重要的作用。以长江中游武汉地区2012~2013年14幅不同时相的Landsat ETM+遥感影像为主要数据源,结合野外采样悬浮泥沙浓度数据,分析了悬浮泥沙遥感定量反演方法,数据处理中针对ETM+SLC OFF影像缝隙问题,采用自适应局部回归匹配算法（ALR）进行影像自动恢复处理,在波段选择中对悬浮泥沙浓度和光谱反射率数据进行相关性分析,并运用传统关系建模方法和高斯模型方法对比,比较悬浮泥沙定量反演模型,利用实测验证数据对反演模型精度进行评估。研究结果表明：（1）ALR可以有效的获取悬浮泥沙敏感波段的遥感光谱反射率;（2）ETM+Band3悬浮泥沙浓度的高斯模型相关系数最高,通过对比得到模型反演的验证精度较高,研究证明遥感定量反演适合于长江流域武汉段泥沙含量大范围监测     

Solution by dilution?—A review on the pollution status of the Yangtze River

The Yangtze River has been a source of life and prosperity for the Chinese people for centuries and is a habitat for a remarkable variety of aquatic species. But the river suffers from huge amounts of urban sewage, agricultural effluents, and industrial wastewater as well as ship navigation wastes along its course. With respect to the vast amounts of water and sediments discharged by the Yangtze River, it is reasonable to ask whether the pollution problem may be solved by simple dilution. This article reviews the past two decades of published research on organic pollutants in the Yangtze River and several adjacent water bodies connected to the main stream, according to a holistic approach. Organic pollutant levels and potential effects of water and sediments on wildlife and humans, measured in vitro, in vivo, and in situ, were critically reviewed. The contamination with organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), and others, of water and sediment along the river was described. Especially Wuhan section and the Yangtze Estuary exhibited stronger pollution than other sections. Bioassays, displaying predominantly the endpoints mutagenicity and endocrine disruption, applied at sediments, drinking water, and surface water indicated a potential health risk in several areas. Aquatic organisms exhibited detectable concentrations of toxic compounds like PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, and PFCs. Genotoxic effects could also be assessed in situ in fish. To summarize, it can be stated that dilution reduces the ecotoxicological risk in the Yangtze River, but does not eliminate it. Keeping in mind an approximately 14 times greater water discharge compared to the major European river Rhine, the absolute pollution mass transfer of the Yangtze River is of severe concern for the environmental quality of its estuary and the East China Sea. Based on the review, further research needs have been identified.     

Zebrafish embryos/larvae for rapid determination of effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis: mRNA expression

To identify and prioritize chemicals that may affect thyroid and adrenal/interregnal endocrine system and to reduce cost and animal use by conventional toxicity assay, an in vivo screening assay was developed using zebrafish embryos/larvae based on measurement of expression of genes that were suggested to play important roles in hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. Model chemicals that could modulate HPT and HPI axis in adult fish were selected in assay validation, including anti-thyroid agent 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) and cytochrome P450 11B (Cyp11b) enzyme inhibitor metyrapone (MET). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of model chemical from 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 5 d post-fertilization (dpf). Exposure to PTU increased mRNA expression of sodium iodide symporter (nis) and thyroglobulin (tg) involved in HPT axis, and MET treatment up-regulated all the mRNA expression tested involved in HPI axis by a compensatory mechanism. These results suggested that HPT and HPI axis were active upon chemical exposure at least at 5 dpf zebrafish. Furthermore, we studied the effects of PTU or MET on the cross-talk between HPT and HPI axis. The results demonstrated that PTU and MET could affect cross-talk responses in zebrafish embryos/larvae.     

SO2在碳钢初期大气腐蚀中的作用

通过自建的模拟大气腐蚀系统,借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM/EDX)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和x-射线光电子能谱(XPS),研究了SO2对碳钢初期大气腐蚀行为的影响,并进一步用原子力显微镜从更微观的角度观察了在SO2环境中初期阶段腐蚀形貌变化.研究结果表明:在SO2污染大气环境中,随SO2浓度的升高碳钢腐蚀加快.在体积分数为5×10(-6)SO2的大气环境中,碳钢和耐候钢表面腐蚀主要以条状物生长,随着SO2浓度的升高,腐蚀产物的形貌发生改变,在体积分数为5×10(-5)SO2的大气环境中,条状锈和胞状锈同时生长.在锈层中S元素以FeSO4·4H2O的形式存在,腐蚀产物中还有γ-FeOOH.SO2在初期阶段加速了碳钢的腐蚀,降低了碳钢的耐蚀性.     

旅游景区的主题化策划与路径选择——以温岭市石塘景区为例

旅游是一种文化产业,旅游景区的持续发展需要进行主题化策划,突出景区的灵魂与主线,而主题选择取决于景区的地脉、文脉和人脉。在主题化策划过程中,以环境调查、提炼亮点、主题选择、主题项目策划为路径,确定旅游景区发展主题,并以浙江省温岭市石塘旅游景区的主题策划作实证分析。     

重庆银莲花属药用植物资源研究

经调查鉴定,重庆银莲花属药用植物有10种4变种。重点介绍了其医疗用途、地理分布、资源状况及其开发前景,为进一步开发利用我市丰富的银莲花属植物资源提供了科学依据。     

固相微萃取技术在环境监测中的应用进展

为了促使我国环境监测工作更加深人和细致,得到更准确可靠的监测结果,对固相微萃取(SPME)技术在大气监测、水体监测、土壤及沉积物监测和生物监测中的应用进行了综述.根据SPME在测定污染物的浓度和存在形式,来源、分布和运移规律,以及降解、转化过程等方面的特点,提出进一步开发SPME原位测定技术和与大型仪器联用技术,将有利于其测定范围和种类的增加.同时由于SPME技术的特点适合海洋环境介质的测定,建议在海洋监测领域推广使用,使我国的海洋环境监测工作更加深入和广泛.     

健康风险评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算

为更加科学地开展我国健康风险评价,基于中国人身高与体重的统计资料,根据美国环保局、Gehan和George、Haycock等的模型,计算了中国人皮肤总表面积、不同部位皮肤的表面积和不同暴露环境下的皮肤暴露面积.结果表明(美国环保局模型),中国成年男性和女性的平均皮肤表面积分别为1.69 m2和1.53m2,比美国成年男性和女性的平均皮肤表面积分别低13%和10%;2～12岁年龄段的男性和女性的平均皮肤表面积分别为0.84～0.91 m2和0.82～0.89 m2:12～20岁年龄段的男性和女性的平均皮肤表面积为1.48～1.57 m2和1.42～1.47 m2.研究表明,我国居民的平均皮肤表面积低于美国居民,因此建议在开展健康风险评估时尽量使用我国居民的人体参数值.此外,不同的暴露情景和季节,人体暴露的皮肤面积也不同,可根据具体情况确定暴露的皮肤表面积.     

高层建筑火灾安全疏散评估方法研究

随着社会、经济的进步和发展,人员安全疏散是高层建筑防火安全设计中的需要考虑的第一安全目标,并且人员安全疏散评估方法的研究也是火灾安全学中的一个热门方向。在本文中笔者介绍几种可用于安全疏散的评价方法,并结合各种评价法的优缺点进行了比较。最后运用了模糊综合评价对一实例进行了分析。     

过氧化氢生产装置爆炸——化学分解后的物理过程研究

过氧化氢的不稳定性使得其在生产过程中较容易发生爆炸事故.为了预防事故的发生,需要对其分解爆炸过程有个清晰的认识.本文首次利用典型事故爆炸机理分析结合事故定量计算的方法,揭示了事故案例中过氧化氢化学分解后引起爆炸的两个物理过程,计算了产生事故后果的容器失效压力,了解了其发生爆炸的后果严重度,并运用类比的方法,得到了过氧化氢生产装置或容器爆炸时的压力变化趋势.