含热熔孔洞缺陷的埋地聚乙烯管道应力分析及寿命预测

为了研究聚乙烯（PE）管道热熔孔洞缺陷与寿命之间的关系,基于Ansys软件对埋地状态下的含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道进行应力分析,得到了含热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道在不同内压下的最大Mises应力、环向应力和径向应力的变化数据;依据应力分析数据,使用Matlab编写程序,根据Suleiman双曲本构模型对PE管道进行了寿命预测。研究结果表明:含有热熔孔洞缺陷的PE管道,其最大应力随管道内压的增大而增大,寿命随着管道内压和缺陷体积的增大而减少,含缺陷管道寿命和内压关系可使用双对数函数来进行描述;使用应力分析和寿命预测相结合的方法,可以得到不同缺陷的PE管道寿命-内压关系式。     

丛枝菌根对盐胁迫的响应及其与宿主植物的互作

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi,AMF)作为陆地生态系统的组成部分之一,在促进宿主植物对土壤养分和水分的吸收、提高植物生物量生产、调节种群和群落的结构、维持生态系统的稳定性等方面发挥了重要作用。其中,盐渍化是自然生态系统中广泛存在的一种胁迫生境条件,全球盐渍化土地约占耕地总面积的10%,因而探讨AM菌根在此胁迫生境下对宿主植物生长的影响具有重要意义。从以下几个方面,围绕盐胁迫条件、AM菌根和宿主植物三者之间的关系对当前国际上相关领域的研究进展进行了综述:1)AM真菌对盐胁迫的响应,包括菌根共生体形成、菌根侵染率、AM真菌的分布、菌丝体生长发育、孢子的形成和分布等;2)盐胁迫条件下AM菌根对宿主植物的效应,包括AM菌根促进宿主植物对P、N等元素的吸收、降低植物体内Na 的含量、提高光合作用能力,进而提高植物的生物量和对植物的群落结构产生影响等;3)AM菌根提高宿主植物耐盐性的机理,分别从植物根系形态的改变、水分吸收能力的加强、细胞内营养物质的平衡,以及细胞生理代谢的调节等方面对AM菌根促进植物抗盐性的机理进行了剖析。     

信宜县田七场的土壤环境

本文在野外调查的基础上，论述了广东省主要田七产区信宜县田七场的生物气候条件、地理位置、土壤肥力以及田七对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收状况．改善田七场的环境条件，合理施肥，培育健壮的植株以及减少农药使用量等，是提高田七产量的有效措施．     

广西涠洲岛沉凝灰岩土壤粘粒矿物的研究

用X射线衍射分析和电子显微镜分析,对涠洲岛沉凝灰岩母质发育土壤的两个典型剖面八个土样的粘粒矿物进行分析研究。结果表明,离火山口距离不同的两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同,1号剖面以2:1型粘粒矿物为主,2号剖面则以1:1型粘粒矿物为主;结合其它分析结果,讨论了两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同的原因、对土壤有关特性的影响及其与土壤形成和分类的关系。     

GIS技术在区域土壤有机碳储量估算方面的应用--以柴达木盆地为例

目前在估算土壤有机碳储量方面的方法较多,并且都有其各自的特点所在。地理信息系统(GIS)技术作为当今一种在地学统计分析方面具有强大空间分析功能的计算机应用技术,在地学及相关研究领域得到了广泛的应用。文章首次尝试了利用该技术估算柴达木盆地土壤有机碳储量,该方法与其它计算方法相比,有简单、易操作、可视性好等优点。经计算,柴达木盆地的土壤有机碳储量约为62754.442 t,土壤平均碳面密度为6.105 kgm-2。     

Bioleaching of spent Ni-Cd batteries and phylogenetic analysis of an acidophilic strain in acidified sludge

Biohydrometallurgy is a novel method to recycle discarded batteries, in which sewage sludge is used as microorganisms and culture due to the presence of indigenous Thiobacilli. A two-step continuous flow leaching system consisting of an acidifying reactor and a leaching reactor was introduced to achieve the bioleaching of spent nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries. The acid supernatant produced in the acidifying reactor by the microorganisms with ferrous ions as the substrate was conducted into the leaching reactor to dissolve electrode materials. The efficiency of a batch treatment of batteries was examined. The results showed that the complete dissolution of two AA-sized Ni-Cd batteries with 0.6 L/d acid supernatant took about 30, 20, and 35 days for Ni, Cd, and Co, respectively. But the dissolution ability of the three metals was different. Cd and Co can be leached mostly for pH below 4.0 while the complete dissolution of Ni can be achieved for pH below 2.5. Meanwhile, a strain (named Thiooxidans. WL) accounting for the reduction of pH in the acidified sludge was isolated and sequenced. It was identified to be 100% similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain Tf-49 based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The relevant phylogenetic tree constructed indicates that the strain should be classified into genus Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.     

向海湿地河道上下游土壤重金属污染程度分析

以向海湿地河道上、下游土壤沉积物为研究对象，以Al元素作为标准化元素，通过对重金属元素富集因子的分析，研究了Cu、Ni、Mn、Fe、Ba、Cr等6种重金属元素的人为污染状况及分级。结果表明，该区土壤沉积物中重金属元素均受到不同程度的人为污染影响，部分层面Ni、Ba等重金属元素污染程度达到显著水平，造成这种现象的主要原因是富含重金属的霍林河上游矿源物质的沉积及人类对湿地开发活动的历史变迁过程；此外，径流淹没频率不同造成了两断面土壤沉积类型和沉积效果的不同，使得受水文影响较大的上游断面的人为污染程度大于受影响较小的下游断面，说明向海湿地对人为污染具有一定的缓冲能力，或向海湿地具有较强的净化和过滤功能。     

Population dynamics and production of the planktonic copepods in a eutrophic inlet of the Inland Sea of Japan. IV. Pseudodiaptomus marinus, the egg-carrying calanoid

Population dynamics and production of the egg-carrying calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus were studied for a year in Fukuyama Harbor, a eutrophic inlet of the Inland Sea of Japan. This species was perennial, with a large numerical peak in June and small peaks in September/October and November/December. During the study period, at least 11 generations could be detected. For each generation, the stage-specific survival from egg to Copepodite Stage (C) V was determined; it was very high during early life stages (egg to NIII), and gradually decreased beyond. On average, 94% of eggs recruited into NIII, which is strongly contrasted with very high (>ca. 90%) mortality during the corresponding stages for free-spawning copepods, i.e. Acartia omorii, Centropages abdominalis and Paracalans sp. This demonstrates that the egg-carrying strategy has a great advantage to reduce mortality in egg stage. The biomass of this species showed marked seasonal variations largely in parallel with numerical abundance. The instantaneous somatic growth rate increased linearly with temperature. The population production rate was estimated as the sum of somatic growth of larval stages and egg production of adult females; the annual integration was 51.0 mg C m⁻³ yr⁻¹ or 0.38 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹. Received: 11 November 1996 / Accepted: 7 December 1996     

Single and joint effects of acetochlor and urea on earthworm Esisenia foelide populations in phaiozem

Much attention is paid to soil health and environmental safety. Earthworms are an important indicator of soil ecosystem health and safety. Ecological toxicity of acetochlor and excessive urea, in both their single and joint effects, on earthworm Esisenia foelide was thus studied using the soil-culture method. Acetochlor had an enhanced toxicity from low concentration to high concentration. The mortality of earthworms after a 6-day exposure was changed from 0 to 86.7%, and the weight change rate ranged from 7.86 to -30.43%, when the concentration of acetochlor was increased from 164 to 730 mg kg(-1). Urea expressed its positive and beneficial effects on earthworms when its concentration was lower than 500 mg kg(-1). Strongly toxic effects took place when the concentration of urea was higher than 1000 mg kg(-1). The mortality of earthworms exposed to urea reached 100% when its concentration was more than 1500 mg kg(-1). When the concentration of urea was lower than 500 mg kg(-1), there were antagonistic effects between the two agrochemicals on earthworms; when the concentration of urea was higher than 500 mg kg(-1), joint toxic effects of acetochlor and excessive urea on earthworms were synergic. In any case, excessive urea application is very harmful to the health of soil ecosystems.     

吡虫啉防治家白蚁的试验研究

10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂与河沙混合成含有效成分(%)0.10、0.05、0.025、0.0125,家白蚁饲养其上,48～72h内100%死亡,浓度越高,死亡越快;白蚁也不能穿过以上述浓度配制的长10cm沙土管,对照则穿行自如;以上述浓度药液浸的杉木块,也完全防止白蚁取食,对照则严重被食.在室外(2004.5～2005.5),家白蚁不能通过含0.05%及0.10%药液淋浇(1000ml/40×50cm)的土壤,去取食试区中心的无药木块.吡虫啉可湿性粉剂不用有机溶剂,无刺激气味,运储施工方便,可以认为它是当前最高效的环保型白蚁防治药剂,并建议生产中以0.05%(10%可湿性粉剂稀释200倍)用于室内防治,0.10～0.05%(稀释100～200倍)用于室外防治.