The impacts of firms’ mobility on the environmental policy

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - This paper investigates the impacts of firms’ mobility on the environmental policy. We focus on two issues. The first one is the relationship...     

非平稳性条件下淮河流域极端气温时空演变特征及遥相关、环流特征分析

在全球升温的背景下,为掌握淮河流域极端气温的时空变化特征及其变化规律,以提高淮河流域对极端气温灾害的应对能力。以淮河流域1961～2016年149个气象站点、太平洋气候因子和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据为基础,利用优化的非平稳性(Transformed-Stationary)极值分析方法、空间Ward-like层次聚类分析方法、M-K趋势分析和经验正交函数分析方法(Empirical orthogonal function)对淮河流域极端气温进行分析。结果发现:(1)年最高气温在1960和2000s为增加趋势,2000s后增加趋势不显著;从1970～1980s,年最高气温呈减小趋势;年最低气温在1960s呈下降趋势,1970s以后年最低气温呈增加趋势;(2)年最高气温重现期对应的温度多数站点表现出非平稳态并显著上升,增幅达1.5℃。年最低气温均呈现上升趋势,在1978年前后出现上升的拐点,在2000年前后暖化现象有所减缓。年最高气温距离海洋越近,上升趋势越显著;年最低气温则相反。(3)不同重现期年最高气温显著增加趋势,主要分布在淮河的东北部和东南部地区,中西部地区呈显著减小趋势,年最低气温的空间分布恰好与其相反。(4)北太平洋海温异常显著的影响着淮河流域的7、8月极端气温的变化,淮河流域的极端气温的非平稳变化有着与西太平洋和北太平洋显著正相关关系,与东太平洋呈显著负相关关系。淮河流域12～1月气温异常与渤海海温异常同步、与厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜同步变化;7～8月温度异常与12～1月的温度异常结果相反。环流特征分析表明,淮河流域冬季暖化现象受到东北地区暖化的影响;7～8月温度的变化主要由青藏高原低压和蒙古低压在逐年减弱而改变环流特征造成,东南区域极端高温增加,西部区域降水增多、极端高温的降低。     

二氧化碳软化高硬度废水的研究

采用一种新装置——自吸式反应器强化CO_2软化高钙废水过程,探究了温度、起始pH值、CO_2气体流量、CO_2总通入量等因素对钙离子去除率的影响。结果显示,在起始pH值为12.89、温度20℃、通入的CO_2体积分数为100%、CO_2气体流量为1.0 L/min时,钙离子去除率最高达98.47%。与传统的鼓泡搅拌反应器相比,CO_2利用率提高了2倍以上。     

Rheology,Morphology, Crystallization Behaviors,Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Polypropylene/Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene Blends

The rheologies, morphologies, crystallization behaviors, mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) blends and PLA/PP/maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) blends were investigated. The results showed that the complex viscosities of PLA/PP blends were between those of neat PLA and neat PP, and MAPP had a thinning effect on those of the blends. PLA/PP blends exhibited the distinct phase separation morphologies due to the limited partial miscibility of the blend components. MAPP slightly improved the miscibility between PLA and PP. Both the cold crystallization of PLA component and melt crystallization of PP component were enhanced, probably because PLA and PP were reciprocal nucleating agents. The tensile strength and flexural modulus decreased, while the tensile strain at break and heat deflection temperature (HDT) increased with the increasing PP content. MAPP had the positive effects on the notched impact strength and HDT of PLA-rich blends and also increased the flexural modulus of the binary blends. The thermal stability of the blend was improved by PP, and the incorporation of MAPP further enhanced the thermal stability.     

A Novel Eco-friendly Blood Meal-based Bio-adhesive: Preparation and Performance

In this reported study, a renewable and eco-friendly blood meal-based (BM) bio-adhesive was developed for the plywood fabrication. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and triglycidylamine (TGA) were respectively employed as emulsifier, denaturant and crosslinking agent to modify the BM adhesive. Three-ply plywood was manufactured and its wet shear strength was tested. The solid content, residual rate, functional groups, thermal degradation behavior, and cross section micromorphology of the resulting adhesives were characterized in detail. The experimental results showed that PVA prevented the BM agglomeration, SDS unfolded the structure of protein and then TGA reacted with the exposed active groups in the BM protein molecules, forming a cross-linked structure. As a result, the thermal stability of the modified BM adhesive was improved and the cross section of the cured adhesive was more homogeneous, which enhanced the performance of the adhesive. Consequently, the wet shear strength of the plywood bonded by modified BM adhesive markedly increased by 388% to 1.27 MPa. Compared with soy bean meal-based adhesive, a higher protein content and hydrophobic amino acids content of BM are benefit for fabricating high performance bio-based adhesive, which rendered the BM adhesive practical for plywood industrial application.     

升金湖湿地时空演变对越冬鹤类种群动态的影响

升金湖湿地是我国主要的鹤类越冬栖息地之一。研究升金湖湿地时空变化对越冬鹤类种群动态的影响在湿地生态环境改善、鹤类种群恢复等方面具有重要参考价值。对1986～2015年升金湖湿地白头鹤（Grus monacha）、白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、灰鹤（Grus grus）及白枕鹤（Grus vipio）种群数量的变化趋势分别进行了曲线拟合;结合升金湖湿地1986~2015年间8期遥感影像分析了研究区土地利用/覆盖的时空变化;并探讨了湿地时空变化与越冬鹤类种群数量变化之间的相关性。结果表明：1986~2015年间,研究区的景观格局发生了较大变化,草地、水田、滩涂及其他用地的面积总体呈增加态势,而林地、旱地、水域及芦苇沼泽地面积总体呈减少的态势;4种鹤类的数量总体呈下降趋势,曲线拟合中白鹤和白枕鹤种群数量变化的趋势方程拟合度较高;芦苇沼泽地及水域面积变化与越冬鹤类种群数量呈显著的正相关关系,而草地、滩涂及水田的面积与鹤类种群数量呈较强的负相关关系;其他景观面积变化间接对鹤类种群数量产生影响。 关键词： 时空变化;鹤类;遥感影像;土地利用/覆盖;升金湖     

Pathway and policy analysis to China’s deep decarbonization

The Paris Agreement marks the beginning of a new era in the global response to climate change, which further clarifies the long-term goal and underlines the urgency addressing climate change. For China, promoting the decoupling between economic growth and carbon emissions as soon as possible is not only the core task of achieving the medium- and long-term goals and strategies to address climate change, but also the inevitable requirement for ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the analysis of the historical trends of the economy and social development, as well as society, energy consumption, and key end-use sectors in China, this paper studies the deep carbon emission reduction potential of carbon emission of in energy, industry, building, and transportation and other sectors with “bottom-up” modeling analysis and proposes a medium- and long-term deep decarbonization pathway based on key technologies’ mitigation potentials for China. It is found that under deep decarbonization pathway, China will successfully realize the goals set in China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of achieving carbon emissions peak around 2030 and lowering carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60–65% from the 2005 level. From 2030 onward, the development of nonfossil energy will further accelerates, and the share of nonfossil energies in primary energy will amounts to about 44% by 2050. Combined with the acceleration of low-carbon transformation in end-use sectors including industry, building, and transportation, the carbon dioxide emissions in 2050 will fall to the level before 2005, and the carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decreases by more than 90% from the 2005 level. To ensure the realization of the deep decarbonization pathway, this paper puts forward policy recommendations from four perspectives, including intensifying the total carbon dioxide emissions cap and strengthening the related institutional systems and regulations, improving the incentive policies for industrial low-carbon development, enhancing the role of the market mechanism, and advocating low-carbon life and consumption patterns.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性及风险评价

为新烟碱类杀虫剂合理使用提供科学依据,本研究采用饲喂法和点滴法测定了9种新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的急性毒性效应,且根据风险商值法进行了风险评价,氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮作为对照药剂。试验结果表明:6种新烟碱类杀虫剂(噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、氟啶虫胺腈和噻虫嗪)对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为1.73×10-3(1.37×10-3~2.45×10-3)~35.3×10-2(30.5×10-2~41.4×10-2)μg·蜂-1,均属于高毒级;其次为氯噻啉,该药剂对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 h-LD50值为56.4×10-2(40.9×10-2~95.5×10-2)和2.05(1.13~3.18)μg·蜂-1,分别为高毒和中毒;而啶虫脒和噻虫啉对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48 hLD50值为2.57(1.94~3.75)~9.85(8.23~11.6)μg·蜂-1,为中毒级。对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺和吡蚜酮对蜜蜂经口和接触毒性的48h-LD50值均100μg·蜂-1,为低毒级。风险评价结果表明:噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、氯噻啉、烯啶虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈对蜜蜂具有不可接受的风险,啶虫脒、噻虫啉和对照药剂氟啶虫酰胺、吡蚜酮对蜜蜂的风险可接受。因此,在害虫综合治理中,应谨慎使用新烟碱类杀虫剂,以免对蜜蜂产生严重的毒副作用。     

复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的体内外致突变性研究

农业生产上常用的阿苯达唑和伊维菌素均有一定的致突变性。为了解伊维菌素和阿苯达唑按1:24形成固定剂量复方的致突变性,以及复方和单药致突变性的差异,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验进行复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的致突变性研究。结果表明,复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素能提高小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率和精子畸形率,但在单复方的比较中发现,单药的微核率和精子畸形率均高于复方,表明复方毒性有所降低。同时,无论是复方还是单药均不能提高组氨酸缺陷型沙门氏菌的突变率。以上表明,虽然复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素致突变毒性低于单药,但仍然是一种能引起小鼠骨髓微核率和精子畸形率升高的致突变阳性药物,因此需警惕该药物的食品残留问题及对生态环境的危害。     

Leaching variations of heavy metals in chelator-assisted phytoextraction by Zea mays L. exposed to acid rainfall

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction method has been put forward as an effective soil remediation method, whereas the heavy metal leaching could not be ignored. In this study, a cropping-leaching experiment, using soil columns, was applied to study the metal leaching variations during assisted phytoextraction of Cd- and Pb-polluted soils, using seedlings of Zea mays, applying three different chelators (EDTA, EDDS, and rhamnolipid), and artificial rainfall (acid rainfall or normal rainfall). It showed that artificial rainfall, especially artificial acid rain, after chelator application led to the increase of heavy metals in the leaching solution. EDTA increased both Cd and Pb concentrations in the leaching solution, obviously, whereas EDDS and rhamnolipid increased Cd concentration but not Pb. The amount of Cd and Pb decreased as the leaching solution increased, the patterns as well matched LRMs (linear regression models), with R-square (R ²) higher than 90 and 82% for Cd and Pb, respectively. The maximum cumulative Cd and Pb in the leaching solutions were 18.44 and 16.68%, respectively, which was amended by EDTA and acid rainwater (pH 4.5), and followed by EDDS (pH 4.5), EDDS (pH 6.5), rhamnolipid (0.5 g kg⁻¹ soil, pH 4.5), and rhamnolipid (pH 6.5).