Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

油箱积水环境对油箱结构疲劳安全寿命的影响研究

目的 摸索飞机服役条件下油箱积水环境对油箱结构疲劳寿命的影响,评估基于常规疲劳寿命除以理论分散系数确定的安全寿命是否可以保证服役环境下的飞行安全.方法 首先通过试验确定加速腐蚀试验中飞机油箱积水介质浓度,并结合飞机使用特点,确定战斗机机翼梁结构腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳试验环境-载荷谱.以此环境-载荷谱为基础,试验模拟油箱结构在地面停放和空中飞行所经历的腐蚀和腐蚀疲劳过程.采用结构和载荷谱分离的可靠性分析方法,研究腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳作用下结构的疲劳寿命.结果 对常温疲劳试验结果与腐蚀-腐蚀疲劳试验结果的对比分析,表明腐蚀环境虽然降低了结构疲劳品质,导致疲劳中值寿命降低,但对结构寿命分散基本无影响.结论 严重谱下疲劳分散系数可保证油箱结构的安全.     

Phosphorus removal from sediments by Potamogeton crispus: New high-resolution in-situ evidence for rhizosphere assimilation and oxidization-induced retention

Macrophytes are usually chosen for phytoremediation tools to remove P in eutrophic aquatic ecosystems, but the lack of test methods hinders the understanding of removal mechanism and application. In this study, we used the novel technologies combined of Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), Planar optode (PO), and Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) to explore P dynamics in water-sediment continuum and rhizosphere of Potamogeton crispus over time. Results of the high-resolution in situ measurement showed that labile P(LP_DGT) fluxes at the surficial sediment significantly decreased from approximate 120, 140, and 200 pg/ (cm²?sec) via 30 days incubation period to 17, 40, and 56 pg/(cm²?sec) via that of 15 days. Obvious synchronous increase of LP_DGT was not detected in overlying water, suggesting the intense assimilation of dissolve reactive P via root over time. PO measurement indicated that O₂ concentration around the rhizosphere remarkably increased and radially diffused into deeper sediment until 100% saturation along with the root stretch downwards. NMT detection of roots showed the obvious O₂ inflow into root tissue with the uppermost flux of 30 pmol/(cm²?sec) from surroundings via aerenchyma on different treatment conditions. Different from previous reports, gradually saturating O₂ concentrations around the rhizosphere was principally driven by O₂ penetration through interspace attributing to root stretch downward rather than root O₂ leakage. Increased O₂ concentrations in deep sediment over time finally induced the oxidization of labile Fe(II) into Fe(III) bound P and local P immobilization.     

Revealing photon transmission in an ultraviolet reactor: Advanced approaches for measuring fluence rate distribution in water for model validation

Fluence rate (FR) distribution (optical field) is of great significance in the optimal design of ultraviolet (UV) reactors for disinfection or oxidation processes in water treatment. Since the 1970s, various simulation models have been developed, which can be combined with computational fluidic dynamic software to calculate the fluence delivered in a UV reactor. These models strive for experimental validation and further improvement, which is a major challenge for UV technology in water treatment. Herein, a review of the simulation models of the FR distribution in a UV reactor and the applications of the current main experimental measurement approaches including conventional flat-type UV detector, spherical actinometer, and micro-fluorescent silica detector (MFSD), is presented. Moreover, FR distributions in a UV reactor are compared between various simulation models and MFSD measurements. In addition, the main influential factors on the FR distribution, including inner-wall reflection, refraction and shadowing effects of adjacent lamps, and turbidity effect are discussed, which is helpful for improving the accuracy of the simulation models and avoiding dark regions in the reactor design. This paper provides an overview on the simulation models and measurement approaches for the FR distribution, which is helpful for the model selection in fluence calculations and gives high confidence on the optimal design of UV reactors in regard to present methods.     

电磁波加载内回流硝化液对A/A/O缺氧池反硝化功能的影响

为了提升缺氧池的反硝化功能,对A/A/O系统的内回流硝化液进行电磁波加载.考察了加载时间（T）75s,加载功率（P）分别为100和400W的条件下,不同的硝化液加载百分比（L）（5%、10%、20%）对A/A/O系统功能的影响,优选出工况Ⅰ、工况Ⅲ和工况Ⅵ,分析3种工况下缺氧池混合液的微生物特性和群落结构变化.结果表明电磁波加载可致硝化液絮体结构破裂,有机物的溶出为缺氧池补充大量反硝化碳源,促进异养反硝化菌（Dechloromonas、Azospira、Haliangium）的富集,冗余分析（RDA）结果表明电磁波加载功率增大会使缺氧池中Dechloromonas大量富集.缺氧池的反硝化速率得到较大提高.电磁波加载条件为P=100W,T=75s,L=10%时,池内污泥的比亚硝酸盐还原速率（SNIRR）和比硝酸盐还原速率（SNRR）分别提升至（10.15±1.02）和（14.37±0.63） mg N/（g MLVSS·h）,比未加载时分别提高了20.55%和46.63%;当电磁波加载条件为P=400W,T=75s,L=10%时,二者提高至（10.57±0.82）和（12.16±0.74） mg N/（g MLVSS·h）,比未加载时分别提高了25.53%和28.03%,表明电磁波加载内回流硝化液能够提高A/A/O缺氧池的反硝化功能.     

基于生态系统服务权衡的生态安全多情景决策

聚焦于成渝城市群生态安全格局识别的主题,耦合多源数据,运用相应的模型与算法对区域粮食生产、碳固存、产水、土壤保持、生境质量5类生态系统服务进行估算,在此基础上借助空间统计与分析厘清生态系统服务功能间的权衡/协同关系,并构建不同风险情景,明确未来区域发展的生态安全格局.结果显示,2000~2015年,成渝城市群粮食生产、固碳和产水量这3类服务功能均呈下降趋势,土壤保持、生境质量服务呈上升趋势,且各类服务的空间分异性突出;固碳、产水、土壤保持与生境质量两两之间均表现为协同关系,粮食生产与这4类服务间表现为权衡关系,但这种冲突性在区域发展过程中逐渐呈减弱趋势;在空间分布上,成渝城市群生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系表现出了一定的集聚特征;不同决策风险下生态系统服务间的权衡值也不同,随着决策风险系数的增加权衡值呈现先上升后下降的趋势;最终确定风险系数α=1.6为最适宜情景,此时权衡值最高、区域生态系统风险适中.将决策者的态度纳入生态安全格局识别过程中,使结果更全面,为城市群生态安全格局评价和管理提供科学支撑.     

聚烯丙基磺酸钠接枝空心玻璃微珠的制备及其吸附性能研究

通过将烯丙基磺酸钠（SAS）和硅烷偶联剂接枝到空心玻璃微珠表面,制备出新型空心玻璃微珠基吸附剂（KNH-g-PSAS）并采用扫描电子显微镜,能量分散光谱,X射线光电子能谱,傅里叶变换红外光谱,热重分析和X射线衍射仪等对其进行了充分的表征,显示了SAS的成功接枝.此外,系统地研究了溶液的pH值,接触时间,初始浓度和温度对KNH-g-PSAS吸附阳离子染料的影响.准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温线模型分别很好地描述了吸附动力学和吸附等温线,表明吸附是发生在吸附剂表面且均匀的单层吸附.吸附实验表明,在最佳条件下,KNH-g-PSAS对碱性品红、金胺O、结晶紫和孔雀石绿的吸附能力分别为2247.19mg/g,2317.46mg/g,2557.54mg/g,2808.98mg/g.KNH-g-PSAS具有出色的自上浮性能和回收表现.     

新时期沿黄省会城市商业空间结构及其空间服务能力

在“黄河战略”和推动供给侧结构性改革的双重背景下,考察沿黄城市商业空间格局对推动黄河流域城市经济高质量发展意义重大。以沿黄省会城市为例,通过核密度估计、标准差椭圆方法分析其商业空间结构,进而通过叠加分析方法探讨等级商业空间服务能力。结果表明：（1）市区人均社会消费品零售总额自黄河上游到下游总体呈现递增趋势,济南是典型的积极消费型城市;（2）沿黄省会城市商业空间格局呈现出串珠型、单核心型、基础网络型、成熟网络型;（3）城市商业空间结构越成熟,空间服务能力越强,济南市等级商业空间服务能力显著,郑州市最差。研究结果能够为新时期黄河流域高质量发展与国土空间规划提供科学参考。     

融合时空特征的PCA-PSO-SVM臭氧(O3)预测方法研究

针对目前臭氧预测方法未能考虑臭氧污染的区域性和在时间周期内的强自相关性的问题,提出一种融合时空特征的PCA-PSO-SVM臭氧组合预测模型.利用小波分析和系统聚类提取臭氧时间序列波动特征和站点空间分布相似性特征,并通过主成分分析和粒子群算法优化的支持向量机组合模型（PCA-PSO-SVM）对臭氧日最大8h平均浓度进行预测,以2016~2018年杭州市大气污染物观测数据和气象数据进行实验验证.结果表明：融合时空特征的PCA-PSO-SVM模型预测精度有较大提升,与未融合时空特征的PCA-PSO-SVM模型相比,精度提升19%.气象因素中温度对臭氧预测效果影响最大,在气象预报数据存在一定误差的情况下,提出的模型仍得到较高精度的预测效果,具备较好的鲁棒性.     

扎龙湿地丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地的选择及扩散

景观演变对野生动物栖息地质量和连接度造成的影响,一直是威胁全球生物多样性保护的关键问题,开展扎龙湿地丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）繁殖栖息地选择及繁殖期生境间的扩散研究,对野生丹顶鹤的保护具有重要的意义。首先利用需要“出现点”的生态位MAXENT模型,进行适宜栖息地选择研究。从水源、食物、干扰、隐蔽物四个方面选择明水面距离、土壤湿度、NDVI、道路距离和居民地距离五个环境变量作为丹顶鹤繁殖栖息地选择的影响因子,预测扎龙保护区可供丹顶鹤进行营巢繁殖的栖息地分布,并分析各影响因子的反应曲线。结果显示：丹顶鹤易于选择远离道路和居民地干扰且靠近明水面的区域作为营巢栖息地,栖息地土壤湿度较高并且植被覆盖较多。从MAXENT模型中提取了38个适宜栖息地斑块,基于电路理论模拟丹顶鹤繁殖期失去飞行能力时的多路径扩散,最大电流密度图突出了可能的“夹点”,模拟出具有一定宽度范围的连接区域,可供丹顶鹤在繁殖期间进行扩散。累积电流密度图突出了在维持网络连通性方面起到积极作用的斑块,并进行面积加权来评估适宜栖息地斑块的综合重要性。结果表明,在MAXENT模型预测出的适宜栖息地斑块基础上,考虑丹顶鹤繁殖期的迁移扩散行为,利用累积电流密度面积加权来评估适宜栖息地斑块的综合重要性,得到的适宜性等级更符合丹顶鹤真实巢址的分布。研究成果可为保护区丹顶鹤栖息繁殖生境的恢复和保护提供科学依据。