Stereotypical rapid source level regulation in the harbour porpoise biosonar

Some odontocetes and bats vary both click intensity and receiver sensitivity during echolocation, depending on target range. It is not known how this so-called automatic gain control is regulated by the animal. The source level of consecutive echolocation clicks from a harbour porpoise was measured with a hydrophone array while the animal detected an aluminium cylinder at 2, 4 or 8?m distance in a go/no-go paradigm. On-axis clicks had source levels of 145–174?dB re 1?μPa peak-to-peak. During target-present trials the click trains reached comparable source levels independent of the range to the target after three clicks. After an additional click, the source level was reduced for the 2 and 4?m trials until it equalled the one-way transmission loss. During target-absent trials, the source level remained high throughout the entire click train. Given typical values of harbour porpoise inter-click intervals, the source level reduction commenced within a few 100?ms from the first click in the click train. This may indicate a sub-cortically regulated source level regulation in the harbour porpoise.     

Light, sediment, temperature, and the early life-history of the habitat-forming alga Cystoseira barbata

Recruitment is essential for the maintenance of populations, but far more is typically known about the more easily-observed adult stages than their smaller, often microscopic early life-history counterparts. This discrepancy can be particularly problematic for populations of foundation species that create biogenic habitat for a multitude of other taxa, but are themselves prime candidates for exploitation, fragmentation, and loss, and therefore become the focus of restoration efforts partly or fully dependent on recruitment. The purpose of this study was to improve ecological understanding for early life-history stages of the habitat-forming marine alga Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh (Fucales: Sargassaceae), member of a genus that has experienced considerable fragmentation and population decline on European coasts. Using experimental manipulations of water temperature, light intensity, and sediment accumulation, we observed that sediment virtually precluded recruitment of C. barbata, and greatly impacted the survival of recently settled germlings (up to ~83% mortality). Stronger intensities of light facilitated the growth of germlings, including the capacity for ~50% of them to outgrow detrimental sediment and survive. Temperature (10 vs. 16°C) had no effect on early recruitment, survival, or growth. This information helps to identify likely causes and locations of recruitment failure, and by extension, the conditions needed (either naturally or through human intervention) to facilitate recruitment and possible habitat restoration. Ultimately, this knowledge can increase our capacity to predict population persistence and the likely success of restoration efforts.     

Review of fly ash inertisation treatments and recycling

Fly ash (FA) is a by-product of power, and incineration plants operated either on coal and biomass, or on municipal solid waste. FA can be divided into coal fly ash, obtained from power plant burning coal, flue gas desulphurisation FA, that is, the by-product generated by the air pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants to reduce the release of SO₂, biomass FA produced in the plants for thermal conversion of biomass and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) FA, that is, the finest residue obtained from the scrubber system in a MSWI plant. Because of the large amount produced in the world, fly ash is now considered the world’s fifth largest material resource. The composition of FA is very variable, depending on its origins; then, also pollutants can be very different. In this frame, it is fundamental to exploit the chemical or physical potentials of FA constituents, thus rendering them second-life functionality. This review paper is addressed to FA typology, composition, treatment, recycling, functional reuse and metal and organic pollutants abatement. Because of the general growing of environmental awareness and increasing energy and material demand, it is expected that increasing recycling rates will reduce the pressure on demand for primary raw materials, help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from extraction and processing.     

Interplay between proteases and protease inhibitors in the sea fan—Aspergillus pathosystem

Environmental conditions greatly impact the dynamics of host–pathogen relationships, affecting outbreaks and emergence of new diseases. In corals, epizootics have been a main contributor to the decline of reef ecosystems and rising sea surface temperatures associated with climate change are thought to exacerbate virulence of pathogens and/or compromise the immune responses of coral hosts. Among pathogens strategies, protease secretion is a common virulence factor that promotes colonization of the host. As such, protease inhibitors play an invaluable role to the host for protection against pathogen invasion. This study describes changes in activity of proteases secreted by the fungal pathogen, Aspergillus sydowii, and protease inhibitors of Gorgonia ventalina under ambient and elevated temperatures and health conditions (disease and healthy). G. ventalina colonies were collected from Florida Keys, Florida (24° 34.138N, 81° 22.905W) or La Parguera, Puerto Rico (17° 56.091N, 67° 02.577W) in 2007 and 2012, respectively. At elevated temperatures, protease activity was significantly higher than at ambient temperatures in A. sydowii. Temperature stress did not induce a change in protease inhibitor activity, but in healthy G. ventalina colonies, inhibitor activity against proteases was higher than in diseased individuals. Healthy colonies appear capable of resisting proteolytic activity, but diseased individuals are still likely affected by pathogen infections. These data suggest that rising sea surface temperatures due to climate change may increase levels of virulence (protease activity) of A. sydowii, while immunity (protease inhibitor) of G. ventalina may not be affected.     

Degradation kinetics of butyltin compounds during the bioremediation of contaminated harbour sediments

The present study was aimed at the reclamation of harbour sediments contaminated with butyltin compounds (BTCs) by means of biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation experiments carried out in a 5-L slurry bioreactor. In the biostimulation experiment with inorganic nutrients, almost 50% of TBT was degraded in 20 weeks. In the bioaugmentation experiment with a microbial consortium, no significant degradation of TBT was observed. Conversely, bioaugmentation combined with biostimulation led to a decrease of ～50% in TBT after four weeks. A simple kinetic model fitted to the experimental data of BTC concentration allowed us to estimate that 10 weeks are needed to decrease BTC contamination by 90% using a strategy based on both biostimulation and bioaugmentation, and 29 weeks for a strategy using biostimulation only. Overall, our study indicates that strategies based on biostimulation coupled to bioaugmentation can be effective in significantly reducing the concentration of BTCs over relatively short timescales.