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471.
PROBLEM: This study involved a quasi-induced exposure analysis of 4 years of crashes involving older drivers in the state of Kentucky. METHOD: Single- and multivehicle crashes were disaggregated according to the number of passengers: (a) no passenger, (b) one passenger, and (c) two or more passengers. RESULTS: Overall, the presence of two or more passengers was found to negatively impact the probability that drivers 75 years of age or older were at fault in crashes. Several potential factors were studied for interactive effects with passengers: vehicle occupant gender mix, time of the day, road curvature, grade, and number of lanes. The negative impact of passengers increased for some geometric road conditions. However, older drivers were found to be safer at night when carrying two or more passengers. The presence or absence of passengers was not found to affect the 65- to 74-year-old driver group. Groups of male vehicle occupants with a 75+ male driver were found to have high single-vehicle crash rates. IMPACT: These results are among the first to directly consider the effect of passengers on the crash-causing propensity of older drivers and the findings suggest more work is warranted to consider causes for the crash rate differences. 相似文献
472.
Summary Experimental reductions of productivity on feeding territories of Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna) decreased intrusion rate. This trend contrasts with the absence of strong correlations between intrusion rate and productivity in previous experimental studies. Consideration of sample sizes, productivity rates, and time-dependent influences on intrusion rate (e. g., day-to-day changes in weather) indicates that this difference resulted from the more natural spatial distribution of artificial flowers used in this study.
Offprint requests to: P.W. Ewald 相似文献
473.
Torpor and basking in a small arid zone marsupial 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
The high energetic cost associated with endothermic rewarming from torpor is widely seen as a major disadvantage of torpor.
We tested the hypothesis that small arid zone marsupials, which have limited access to energy in the form of food but ample
access to solar radiation, employ basking to facilitate arousal from torpor and reduce the costs of rewarming. We investigated
torpor patterns and basking behaviour in free-ranging fat-tailed dunnarts Sminthopsis crassicaudata (10 g) in autumn and winter using small, internal temperature-sensitive transmitters. Torpid animals emerged from their resting
sites in cracking soil at ∼1000 h with body temperatures as low as 14.6°C and positioned themselves in the sun throughout
the rewarming process. On average, torpor duration in autumn was shorter, and basking was less pronounced in autumn than in
winter. These are the first observations of basking during rewarming in S. crassicaudata and only the second direct evidence of basking in a torpid mammal for the reduction of energetic costs during arousal from
torpor and normothermia. Our findings suggest that although overlooked in the past, basking may be widely distributed amongst
heterothermic mammals. Therefore, the energetic benefits from torpor use in wild animals may currently be underestimated. 相似文献