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41.
There is extensive research on employee attitudes regarding employers and unions, but these studies have underemphasized social and affective forces. Most studies also examine attitudes toward either the union or the employer without considering how these attitudes might relate to one another. The present study of faculty (N = 306) at a large public research university demonstrated that perceptions of union support were positively related to union participation and perceptions of administration support were negatively related to union participation. Subjective norms and general union attitudes were related to perceptions of union support, and subjective norms were related to perceived organizational support. Taken together, an individual's participation in a union recognition effort depends not only on union instrumentality, but also upon social relationships with the union and administration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
42.
Axel Hochkirch Michael J. Samways Justin Gerlach Monika Böhm Paul Williams Pedro Cardoso Neil Cumberlidge P. J. Stephenson Mary B. Seddon Viola Clausnitzer Paulo A. V. Borges Gregory M. Mueller Paul Pearce-Kelly Domitilla C. Raimondo Anja Danielczak Klaas-Douwe B. Dijkstra 《Conservation biology》2021,35(2):502-509
Measuring progress toward international biodiversity targets requires robust information on the conservation status of species, which the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species provides. However, data and capacity are lacking for most hyperdiverse groups, such as invertebrates, plants, and fungi, particularly in megadiverse or high-endemism regions. Conservation policies and biodiversity strategies aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020 need to be adapted to tackle these information shortfalls after 2020. We devised an 8-point strategy to close existing data gaps by reviving explorative field research on the distribution, abundance, and ecology of species; linking taxonomic research more closely with conservation; improving global biodiversity databases by making the submission of spatially explicit data mandatory for scientific publications; developing a global spatial database on threats to biodiversity to facilitate IUCN Red List assessments; automating preassessments by integrating distribution data and spatial threat data; building capacity in taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity monitoring in countries with high species richness or endemism; creating species monitoring programs for lesser-known taxa; and developing sufficient funding mechanisms to reduce reliance on voluntary efforts. Implementing these strategies in the post-2020 biodiversity framework will help to overcome the lack of capacity and data regarding the conservation status of biodiversity. This will require a collaborative effort among scientists, policy makers, and conservation practitioners. 相似文献
43.
44.
Abstract An international concern with climate change has prompted a political commitment to the use of renewable energies. Yet, the operationalization and management of this political objective may be frustrated at the local level, where, it is suggested, an implementation impasse exists. This paper reports on a case study that examines the planning issues around the harvesting of wind at an urban brownfield site in Scotland. The paper discusses the nature of the state–market–civil relations involved in the development management of private wind-energy infrastructure, and the potential for a positive mediating role for the planning system. 相似文献
45.
Endale DM Fisher DS Owens LB Jenkins MB Schomberg HH Tebes-Stevens CL Bonta JV 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(3):969-979
Approximately 11% of the Southern Piedmont (1.8 million ha) is used for pasture and hay production, mostly under low-input management. Few studies have investigated in the region long-term nitrogen and carbon losses in surface runoff, which can be significant. We present 1999 to 2009 hydrologic and water quality data from a rotationally grazed, 7.8-ha, zero-order pasture (W1) near Watkinsville in the Georgia Piedmont. Annual rainfall was 176 to 463 mm below the long-term average (1240 mm) in 7 of the 11 yr. There were 20 runoff events during 86 mo of below-average rainfall (deficit period), compared with 54 events during 46 mo of nondeficit period. Mean event flow-weighted concentration (in mg L) was 0.96 for nitrate-nitrogen (NO-N), 0.97 for ammonium-nitrogen (NH-N), 3.70 for total nitrogen (TN), and 9.12 for total organic carbon (TOC) ( = 43-47; limited due to instrument problem). Nutrient loads (in kg ha per event) averaged 0.04 for NO-N, 0.03 for NH-N, 0.19 for TN, and 0.54 for TOC. Total loads for N and TOC were 6 to 11 times greater from nondeficit than from deficit periods. The observed N concentrations, while well below maximum drinking water standard limits, could pose risk for eutrophication, which can be stimulated at lower concentrations. However, the ability of headwater streams, such as the one downstream of W1, to reduce nutrient concentrations might partially alleviate this concern. The results of this study point to the need to use a long-term dataset that includes measurements made in drought and wet years when evaluating the efficacy of water quality standards. 相似文献
46.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
47.
48.
Patrick M. Palmer Lloyd R. Wilson Ann C. Casey Robert E. Wagner 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,175(1-4):487-499
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in raw and finished drinking water at seven Public Water Systems (PWSs) along the Hudson River as part of a baseline monitoring program prior to the extensive sediment dredging of the Upper Hudson River. Water samples were either analyzed using an Aroclor method (based on USEPA Method 508) or a congener method (Modified Green Bay Mass Balance Method). Using the congener-based method, raw water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 164.3 ng/L and finished water concentrations ranged from <9.3 to 186.6 ng/L. Using the Aroclor method, finished water concentrations ranged from <5.0 to 200.9 ng/L. Most finished water samples above 73.0 ng/L were from a PWS with wells drilled near the river. Excluding the well data, total PCB concentrations in raw water at systems in the Upper River were similar to concentrations at systems in the Lower River, though the congener patterns differed. Paired comparison of total PCB concentrations using the two analytical methods showed good agreement, although raw water showed a different relationship than finished water. 相似文献
49.
Most marine benthic macroinvertebrate species reproduce via a larval phase but attempts to explain the occurrence of different
larval strategies (feeding or non-feeding, pelagic or benthic) in different habitats have been largely inconclusive. There
have been very few year-round surveys of meroplankton at any latitude and in consequence fundamental data on the diversity,
abundance, and timings of larval life history phases are lacking. There has been considerable debate regarding the viability
of pelagic larvae in cold waters with highly seasonal primary production but there has been only one year-round study of meroplankton
in the Southern Ocean, and that was outside of the Antarctic Circle. We present data from the first year-round survey of meroplankton
assemblages at a location within the Antarctic Circle. We surveyed abundances of meroplanktonic larvae over 1.5 year at Rothera
Point, West Antarctic Peninsula (67°34′S, 68°07′W). Larvae were collected in monthly diver-towed net samples close to the
seabed at 20 and 6 m total water depths at each of three locations and were identified and counted live immediately after
sampling. A total of 99 operationally defined taxonomic types representing 11 phyla were recorded but this is likely to be
an underestimate of true diversity because of inherent difficulties of identification. Larvae were present in all months of
the year and although planktotrophic larvae were more abundant in summer, both feeding and non-feeding types were present
in all months. Comparisons of seasonal larval abundances with data from a settlement study at the same sites and from the
literature show that larvae of mobile adults settle in summer regardless of developmental type, whereas sessile taxa settle
in all seasons. We suggest that this is a consequence of differences in the food requirements of mobile and sessile fauna
and that the availability of food for post-larval juveniles is more critical for survival than factors affecting the larval
stage itself. 相似文献
50.
Simon Anthony Morley Koh Siang Tan Robert W. Day Stephanie M. Martin Hans-O. Pörtner Lloyd S. Peck 《Marine Biology》2009,156(10):1977-1984
The upper thermal limits for burrowing and survival were compared with micro-habitat temperature for anomalodesmatan clams:
Laternula elliptica (Antarctica, 67°S); Laternula recta, (temperate Australia, 38°S) and Laternula truncata (tropical Singapore, 1°N). Lethal limits (LT50) were higher than burrowing limits (BT50) in L. elliptica (7.5–9.0 and 2.2°C) and L. recta (winter, 32.8–36.8 and 31.1–32.8°C) but the same range for L. truncata (33.0–35.0 and 33.4–34.9°C). L. elliptica and L. truncata had a BT50 0.4 and 2.4–3.9°C, respectively, above their maximum experienced temperature. L. recta, which experience solar heating during midday low tides, had a BT50 0.7–2.4°C below and a range for LT50 that spanned their predicted environmental maximum (33.5°C). L. recta showed no seasonal difference in LT50 or BT50. Our single genus comparisons contrast with macrophysiological studies showing that temperate species cope better with elevated
temperatures.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献