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671.
672.
Fifty-six representative samples of topsoil were collected around Guanting Reservoir, which is an important water source for
Beijing. Concentrations of the insecticides HCH, DDT, and their metabolites were quantified by use of gas chromatography (GC)
with electron capture detection (ECD). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are still present in surface soils in the Guanting
area. DDT accounts for about 93% of the total OCP content. Concentrations of α/γ, β/γ, and DDT/DDE are the result not only
of historical use, but also of more recent depositions. Statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA)
and cluster analysis (CA), revealed associations between concentrations of OCPs and major soil characteristics. Geographical
information system (GIS) technology was used to develop maps of the distributions of OCP concentrations. The areas of greatest
contamination were primarily in the central part of the study area and were correlated with greater population density, heavier
traffic, and more industrial activity. 相似文献
673.
Mobilization of heavy metals from contaminated paddy soil by EDDS,EDTA, and elemental sulfur 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wang G Koopmans GF Song J Temminghoff EJ Luo Y Zhao Q Japenga J 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2007,29(3):221-235
For enhanced phytoextraction, mobilization of heavy metals (HMs) from the soil solid phase to soil pore water is an important
process. A pot incubation experiment mimicking field conditions was conducted to investigate the performance of three soil
additives in mobilizing HMs from contaminated paddy soil (Gleyi-Stagnic Anthrosol): the [S, S]-isomer of ethylenediamine disuccinate
(EDDS) with application rates of 2.3, 4.3, and 11.8 mmol kg−1 of soil, ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA; 1.4, 3.8, and 7.5 mmol kg−1), and elemental sulfur (100, 200, and 400 mmol kg−1). Temporal changes in soil pore water HM and dissolved organic carbon concentrations and pH were monitored for a period of
119 days. EDDS was the most effective additive in mobilizing soil Cu. However, EDDS was only effective during the first 24
to 52 days, and was readily biodegraded with a half-life of 4.1 to 8.7 days. The effectiveness of EDDS decreased at the highest
application rate, most probably as a result of depletion of the readily desorbable Cu pool in soil. EDTA increased the concentrations
of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soil pore water, and remained effective during the whole incubation period due to its persistence.
The highest rate of sulfur application led to a decrease in pH to around 4. This increased the pore water HM concentrations,
especially those of Zn and Cd. Concentrations of HMs in the soil pore water can be regulated to a large extent by choosing
the proper application rate of EDDS, EDTA, or sulfur. Hence, a preliminary work such as our pot experiment in combination
with further plant experiments (not included in this study) will provide a good tool to evaluate the applicability of different
soil additives for enhanced phytoextraction of a specific soil. 相似文献
674.
Effects of land use on concentrations of metals in surface soils and ecological risk around Guanting Reservoir,China 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Luo W Lu Y Giesy JP Wang T Shi Y Wang G Xing Y 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2007,29(6):459-471
It is accepted that the historical routine use of agrochemicals may have resulted in undesirable concentrations of metals
in the environment. To investigate and assess the effects of land use on concentrations of heavy metals around the Guanting
Reservoir in China, 52 surface soil samples (depth of 2–10 cm) were taken from areas where four types of land use were practiced
(including arable land, woodland, bare land, orchard land). The metals and metalloids (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were
analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Significant accumulation of As, Cd, and
Cr was found in soils of arable land. Based on correlation and cluster analysis, it can be concluded that Cd and Zn originate
mainly from phosphate fertilizer, Pb from the use of insecticides, fertilizers, and sewage sludge as well as air deposition,
and Cu from copper-based fungicides, while As, Ni and Cr might come from parent soil material. According to an ecological
risk analysis of metals based on the ecological index suggested by Hakanson, the four types of land can be ranked by severity
of ecological risk as follows: arable land > woodland > bare land > orchard land, with a high ecological risk of Cd for all
four types. Management measures for land use planners for avoiding water, soil, and sediment pollution caused by metals around
the Guanting Reservoir are presented. 相似文献
675.
寨上金矿矿区河流沉积物中砷的形态分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在野外调查和样品采集的基础上,对寨上金矿矿区河流沉积物中砷的质量分数进行了测定,并采用Tessier连续提取法对砷在沉积物中的存在形态进行了提取分析。结果表明,砷在该区水系沉积物中质量分数较高(55.0~189.0μg.g-1),说明金矿的开采已经对该区的环境造成了影响。运用Tessier连续提取法研究发现,沉积物样品中砷的提取率为89.87%~110.54%,样品沉积物中砷的形态分布基本一致,以残渣态为主,占其总量的85%以上,其他各形态相对含量较少,但相对活泼形态(水溶态、离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态)绝对质量分数较高(2.029~4.942μg.g-1),说明该区水系沉积物中大部分砷在自然条件下相对比较稳定,小部分砷(1.10%~5.55%)易释放至环境中,但由于其绝对质量分数较高,将对环境产生较大危害。 相似文献
676.
Distribution and partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface water of the Pearl River Estuary, South China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luo XJ Mai BX Yang QS Chen SJ Zeng EY 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,145(1-3):427-436
Water samples were collected in the Pearl River Estuary in July 2002 and April 2003. The particulate and dissolved phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. Total PAH concentrations in water samples were higher in April of 2003 (C (p): 4.0-39.1 ng/L or 445.1-1,089.9 ng/g; C (w): 15.9-184.2 ng/L) than in July of 2002 (C (p): 2.6-26.6 ng/L or 297.7-1,336.6 ng/g; C (w): 12.9-28.3 ng/L). It was found that 5, 6-ring PAHs enrich in the inner estuary samples and so did 3-ring PAHs in the July samples. Compositional differences in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) might be responsible for this observation. The partition coefficient (K (p)) increased with the increasing of the particular organic carbon content of suspended particles as well as the salinity of water, decreased with the increase of the total suspended particles content of samples. A linear correlation between logK (OC) and logK (OW) was found in two sampling periods. The observed values of logK (OC) exceed their predicted values derived form linear free energy relationship between logK (oc) and logK (ow), which could be attributed to the nonlinear sorption of soot-like carbons in suspended particles. 相似文献
677.
突发性环境事件时间序列特征可表征环境风险管理成效及存在问题。研究表明2000年以来中国突发环境事件预防、控制与管理取得了显著成效,其中,突发性水污染事件、大气污染事件以及噪声振动危害年发生频次呈大幅度降低趋势,但固废污染事件自2003年以来的年发生频次变化不大,而其它突发性环境事件自2002年以来的年发生频次则呈快速增长态势,说明中国在强调突发性水环境和大气环境事件监管的同时,还需加强固废污染事件及其它类型突发环境事件的监控与管理。 相似文献
678.
679.
Inconsistency and comprehensiveness of risk assessments for heavy metals in urban surface sediments 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Numerous indices have been developed to assess environmental risk of heavy metals in surface sediments, including the total content based geoaccumulation index (Igeo), exchangeable fraction based risk assessment code (RAC), and biological toxicity test based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). In this study, the three indices were applied to freshwater surface sediments from 10 sections along an urbanization gradient of the Grand Canal, China to assess the environmental risks of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr) and to understand discrepancies of risk assessment indices and urbanization effects regarding heavy metal contamination. Results showed that Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most enriched metals in urban sections assessed by Igeo and over 95% of the samples exceeded the Zn and Pb thresholds of the effect range low (ERL) of SQGs. According to RAC, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Cr had high risks of adversely affecting the water quality of the Grand Canal due to their remarkable portions of exchangeable fraction in surface sediment. However, Pb showed a relative low risk, and was largely bounded to Fe/Mn oxides in the urban surface sediments. Obviously, the three assessment indices were not consistent with each other in terms of predicting environmental risks attributed to heavy metals in the freshwater surface sediments of this study. It is recommended that risk assessment by SQGs should be revised according to availability and site specificity. However, the combination of the three indices gave us a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal risks in the urban surface sediments of the Grand Canal. 相似文献
680.
Phosphorus (P) is a key biological element and limiting nutrient in aquatic environments. Phosphate (+5) is traditionally associated with the P nutrient supply. However, phosphite (+3) has recently generated a great deal of interest, because of the possibility that it is a P source based on recognition of its vital role in the original life of the early earth. This study investigated whether phosphite can be an alternative P source for Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, one of the predominant bloom species in freshwater systems. The results indicated that M. aeruginosa could not utilize phosphite as a sole P-nutrient directly for cell growth at any concentration, but that phosphite could boost cell numbers and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content as long as phosphate was provided simultaneously. Specifically, Chl-a production increased sharply when 5.44 mg P L−1 phosphite was added to 0.54 mg P L−1 phosphate medium. Analysis of the maximum yield of PSII indicated that phosphite may stimulate the photosynthesis process of cells in phosphate-phosphite medium. In addition, phosphite failed to support cell growth, even though it more readily permeated the cells in P-deficient medium than in P-sufficient medium. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) analysis indicated that, unlike organic P, phosphite inhibits the response of cells to deficient P status, especially under P-deprived conditions. 相似文献