省级环境管理部门基础信息网络建设实践与思考

阐述省级环境管理部门基础信息网络建设的重要性及建设应遵循的基本要求,结合实践,讨论设计和实际施工中出现的问题及解决办法,为环境管理部门基础信息网络建设提供有益参考。     

Bioremediation of oily sludge-contaminated soil by stimulating indigenous microbes

In situ bioremediation of oily sludge-contaminated soil by biostimulation of indigenous microbes through adding manure was conducted at the Shengli oilfield in northern China. After bioremediation for 360 days, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content was reduced by 58.2% in the treated plots compared with only 15.6% in the control plot. Moreover, bioremediation significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the soil in the treated plot. Soil microbial counts and community-level physiological profiling were also examined. Manure addition increased TPH degraders and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degraders in the contaminated soil by one to two orders of magnitude. The activity and biodiversity of soil microbial communities also increased markedly in the treated plot compared with that of the control. Finally, biotoxicity was used to evaluate the soils and a sharp increase in the EC50 of the soil after bioremediation was observed, indicating that bioremediation had reduced the toxicity of the soil.     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的环境风险评价

垃圾焚烧技术兼具环境效益和经济效益,环境风险评价的结论是该类项目选址的关键问题之一。在分析中国城市生活垃圾排放现状和生活垃圾焚烧项目环境风险的基础上,分析了二恶英风险事故的环境影响及环境防护距离的计算方法与传统卫生防护距离的差异,并以秦皇岛生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为实例进行了计算。结果表明:在不同工况下人体经呼吸每日最大摄入二恶英的量均远小于允许摄入量参考标准值,环境防护距离确定方法更为科学和人性化,有利于消除公众对此类建设项目的误解。     

基于污泥减量的鸟粪石回收低浓度氮磷影响因素研究

针对三峡库区城市污水氮磷浓度较低的特点,结合城市污水处理旁路污泥减量技术研究,探索了利用鸟粪石结晶沉淀法回收城市污水中氮磷的可行性及影响因素。研究结果表明:低氮磷浓度时,鸟粪石结晶回收氮磷的规律与国内外已有的针对高浓度氮磷的研究规律不同,当污泥厌氧减量池中磷酸盐质量浓度为30～60 mg/L(约为1～2mmol/L)时,在pH值为10.0～10.5,c(Mg2+)∶c(NH 4+)∶c(PO34-)为1∶1.6∶1,反应时间为25 min,搅拌强度在200 r/min的条件下,通过鸟粪石沉淀反应磷去除率可达50%～75%,氮的去除率最高可达51%。     

Exposure-response of Cr(III)-organic complexes to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] bioreduction produces soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. The Cr(III)-organic complexes are relatively stable once they are formed, and no data about their toxicity were reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bioavailability and toxicity of the soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae L-1 wild type yeast strain was chosen as the model organism and Cr(III)-citrate was selected as the representative compound of the Cr(III)-organic complexes. The short-term chronic aquatic toxicity tests of the Cr(III)-citrate was explored by measuring growth inhibition, direct viable cell count, dry biomass, biosorption, and the amount of CO₂ production. Cr(III)-citrate exerted a toxicity of 51 mg/L with an EC ₅₀, which was calculated from the percent growth inhibition. These toxicity data would be helpful to define the toxic potential of the organo-chromium-III compounds in the environment.     

不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征研究

为探讨长期定位试验田不同耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化特征,采用室内恒温通气培养法,保持土壤田间持水量在65％条件下,测定不同耕作方式下表层土壤（0～20cm）在不同温度下的NH4^＋和NO3^-含量,并计算氮素矿化量和硝化率。结果表明,随着温度的升高,土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均增强,几种耕作方式下土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用均表现为35℃〉30℃〉25℃。保护性耕作与水旱轮作和常规平作之间的矿化量存在显著的差异,垄作免耕〉厢作免耕〉水旱轮作〉常规平作。土壤氮素最终硝化率达到了60％～80％,表现为常规平作最高,水旱轮作次之,厢作免耕最低。矿化率与土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷对数均成显著正相关,相关系数分别为r^2=0．99,r^2=0．97,r^2=0．96,pH是影响硝化作用的重要因素,硝化率与土壤pH成显著正相关,r^2=0．991。     

电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟对多氯联苯的累积及风险评估

粗犷的电子垃圾拆解活动已造成当地野生生物多氯联苯(PCBs)严重污染,但PCBs在野生鸟类中的生物累积特征及潜在的毒害作用研究较少。本研究采集了广东省某电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟(Alcedo atthis)及其食物(各种小型鱼类)样品,研究翠鸟对PCBs的累积特征、生物放大效应及毒性风险。翠鸟肌肉中PCBs中值含量为220μg·g~(-1)脂重,比其他报道值高1~3个数量级。计算的生物放大因子(BMF)显示,大部分PCB单体的BMF值都大于1,表明翠鸟对PCBs具有生物放大效应。计算的共面PCBs毒性当量(TEQs)范围为39~23 600 pg·g~(-1)湿重,已经达到或超过了影响某些鸟类生殖或发育障碍的报道值。上述结果表明,电子垃圾拆卸活动已经造成了当地翠鸟PCBs严重污染,PCBs污染物对电子垃圾拆解地翠鸟及其他野生生物的毒性效应尚需进一步研究。     

联苯菊酯暴露对雌性褐菖鲉卵巢发育的影响及其毒性机制

联苯菊酯是农业、园林等领域应用广泛的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂,然而有关联苯菊酯对鱼类生殖毒性的研究却很少。以常见的近海鱼类褐菖鲉为受试对象,探讨联苯菊酯对鱼类卵巢发育的影响及机制。褐菖鲉在以环境相关浓度(1、10、100 ng·L~(-1))的联苯菊酯暴露50 d后,各暴露组卵巢生殖细胞发育均受到显著抑制,卵巢17β-雌二醇与睾酮含量均出现下降,caspase-3活性呈剂量依赖性上升。相对定量PCR分析显示,卵巢雌激素受体(ERβ)mRNA水平下降。结果表明,联苯菊酯诱导细胞产生凋亡,导致雌、雄激素水平和雌激素受体表达下降,环境剂量作用下对褐菖鲉卵巢发育具有显著影响。     

四氯化硅综合利用模式的建立与可行性分析

随着国内多晶硅产业的快速发展,多晶硅主要副产物四氯化硅的环境污染问题日益突出,有效利用四氯化硅、减少环境污染是当前急需解决的问题。提出了采用循环经济理念,建立以多晶硅产业为中心的生态工业园区来解决四氯化硅综合利用难题,并从技术、经济和政策上作可行性分析,得出建立以多晶硅产业为中心的生态工业园区是解决我国多晶硅行业四氯化硅综合利用难题的有效方法和途径。     

Status and fuzzy comprehensive assessment of metals and arsenic contamination in farmland soils along the Yanghe River,China

Concentrations of metals and arsenic in farmland soils along the Yanghe River, upstream of Guanting Reservoir, were evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA). FCA is an emerging methodology for assessing environmental status based on fuzzy logic which can model linguistic data and represent chaotic conditions. The ratio of concentrations of metals and arsenic (As) in surface soils of farmland along the Yanghe River to the corresponding reference values decreased in the order Cd>Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As. Based on the FCA, 86% of surface soils along the Yanghe River were classified as grade C, which is suitable for forestry with a greater absorption capacity, suggesting that most farmland along the Yanghe River has to be abandoned as farmland. In order to improve the quality of soil along the Yanghe River and avoid degeneration of water quality in the river and the Guanting Reservoir, remediation of farmland soils along the river is suggested.