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91.
Valto P Knuutinen J Alén R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):287-294
Background, aim, and scope In papermaking, there is a continuous interest both to minimize fresh water consumption and to reduce discharges into the
environment. These general trends mean an increase in the amounts of detrimental substances, such as resin and fatty acids,
in papermaking process waters. Resin acids, in particular, are responsible for much of the toxicity typically present in paper
mill effluents and, for this reason, the routine and rapid monitoring of these compounds in various process streams is necessary.
This also means that there is a continuous need to develop straightforward offline and online techniques to clarify problems
occurring, for example, as a result of the introduction of more intensively closed systems of water circulation. In the present
study, we describe the use of a novel, online, sample enrichment technique followed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass
spectrometry (APCI-MS) suitable for monitoring the concentration levels of common resin and fatty acids in papermaking process
waters.
Materials and methods The representative process water samples were taken from the grinding zone of a thermomechanical pulping mill. The samples
were first preconcentrated in a precolumn C18, and the analytes were transferred online to MS. The high intensive [M–H]− ion was used for the identification of each analyte since, according to the present ionization method, no other fragmentation
was observed. Laboratory-scale, online measurements with an online sample feed were carried out by connecting a centrifugal
pump and a ceramic filter to the APCI-MS.
Results Quality parameters, such as repeatability, linearity, and limit of detection (LOD), were determined by using dehydroabietic
acid (DHAA) in order to evaluate the suitability of the method for the rapid screening of concentration levels. This method
provided satisfactory linearity and a good correlation between analyte concentration and peak area. The suitability of the
system for the continuous analysis of the same acids was evaluated in laboratory-scale, online experiments. In all cases,
the response to changes in the analyte concentration was linear, and the repeatability of the system was also satisfactory.
Discussion Only a few studies have been published on the analysis of resin and fatty acids with MS techniques. The present method was
applied to the monitoring of dehydroabietic, oleic, and stearic acids. The quality parameters were highly comparable with
those reported earlier, and the LOD values of the DHAA were below the levels usually encountered in process waters. The quality
parameters were only slightly higher than those obtained by the traditional methods of analysis, probably due to the absence
of an effective sample clean-up before analysis.
Conclusions The results of the laboratory-scale, online experiments indicated that the online enrichment APCI-MS system is a suitable
alternative for monitoring the concentration levels of selected resin and fatty acids in papermaking process waters. The method
can be used, for example, to provide useful information about the concentration levels of these acids in different stages
of the process, thus signaling possibly impending problems. In general, faster and simpler measurements are needed to meet
the requirements for a reduction in fresh water usage in papermaking.
Recommendations and perspectives Compared to the conventional methods used for this purpose, the main benefits of the method are rapidity of measurement, simplicity
of use, and absence of the need for multistage sample treatments (short analysis time). For this reason, this online method
is more suitable for the control of papermaking by analyzing the concentration levels of interfering substances (i.e., selected
resin and fatty acids) than an offline analysis detailing all the individual extractives-based compounds in process streams.
It is also obvious that the technique can easily be modified for other environmental pollutants as well. 相似文献
92.
Kiljunen M Vanhatalo M Mäntyniemi S Peltonen H Kuikka S Kiviranta H Parmanne R Tuomisto JT Vuorinen PJ Hallikainen A Verta M Pönni J Jones RI Karjalainen J 《Ambio》2007,36(2-3):257-264
This study examines the extent to which Finnish human dietary intake of organochlorines (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) originating from Northern Baltic herring can be influenced by fisheries management. This was investigated by estimation of human intake using versatile modeling tools (e.g., a herring population model and a bioenergetics model). We used a probabilistic approach to account for the variation in human intake of organochlorines originating from the variation among herring individuals. Our estimates were compared with present precautionary limits and recommendation for use. The results show that present consumption levels and frequencies of herring give a high probability of exceeding recommended intake limits of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Furthermore, our results clearly demonstrate that in the risk management of dioxinlike organochlorines, regulating fishing (in this case increasing fishing pressure) is a far less effective way to decrease the risk than regulating the consumption of herring. Increased fishing would only slightly decrease organochlorine concentrations of herring in the Finnish fish market. 相似文献
93.
Winfried Schröder Stefan Nickel Simon Schönrock Michaela Meyer Werner Wosniok Harry Harmens Marina V. Frontasyeva Renate Alber Julia Aleksiayenak Lambe Barandovski Alejo Carballeira Helena Danielsson Ludwig de Temmermann Barbara Godzik Zvonka Jeran Gunilla Pihl Karlsson Pranvera Lazo Sebastien Leblond Antti-Jussi Lindroos Siiri Liiv Sigurður H. Magnússon Blanka Mankovska Javier Martínez-Abaigar Juha Piispanen Jarmo Poikolainen Ion V. Popescu Flora Qarri Jesus Miguel Santamaria Mitja Skudnik Zdravko Špirić Trajce Stafilov Eiliv Steinnes Claudia Stihi Lotti Thöni Hilde Thelle Uggerud Harald G. Zechmeister 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(11):10457-10476
For analysing element input into ecosystems and associated risks due to atmospheric deposition, element concentrations in moss provide complementary and time-integrated data at high spatial resolution every 5 years since 1990. The paper reviews (1) minimum sample sizes needed for reliable, statistical estimation of mean values at four different spatial scales (European and national level as well as landscape-specific level covering Europe and single countries); (2) trends of heavy metal (HM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in moss in Europe (1990–2010); (3) correlations between concentrations of HM in moss and soil specimens collected across Norway (1990–2010); and (4) canopy drip-induced site-specific variation of N concentration in moss sampled in seven European countries (1990–2013). While the minimum sample sizes on the European and national level were achieved without exception, for some ecological land classes and elements, the coverage with sampling sites should be improved. The decline in emission and subsequent atmospheric deposition of HM across Europe has resulted in decreasing HM concentrations in moss between 1990 and 2010. In contrast, hardly any changes were observed for N in moss between 2005, when N was included into the survey for the first time, and 2010. In Norway, both, the moss and the soil survey data sets, were correlated, indicating a decrease of HM concentrations in moss and soil. At the site level, the average N deposition inside of forests was almost three times higher than the average N deposition outside of forests. 相似文献
94.
Aarno T. Kotilainen Laura Arppe Slawomir Dobosz Eystein Jansen Karoline Kabel Juha Karhu Mia M. Kotilainen Antoon Kuijpers Bryan C. Lougheed H. E. Markus Meier Matthias Moros Thomas Neumann Christian Porsche Niels Poulsen Peter Rasmussen Sofia Ribeiro Bjørg Risebrobakken Daria Ryabchuk Semjon Schimanke Ian Snowball Mikhail Spiridonov Joonas J. Virtasalo Kaarina Weckström Andrzej Witkowski Vladimir Zhamoida 《Ambio》2014,43(1):60-68
Integrated sediment multiproxy studies and modeling were used to reconstruct past changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Results of natural changes over the past 6000 years in the Baltic Sea ecosystem suggest that forecasted climate warming might enhance environmental problems of the Baltic Sea. Integrated modeling and sediment proxy studies reveal increased sea surface temperatures and expanded seafloor anoxia (in deep basins) during earlier natural warm climate phases, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Under future IPCC scenarios of global warming, there is likely no improvement of bottom water conditions in the Baltic Sea. Thus, the measures already designed to produce a healthier Baltic Sea are insufficient in the long term. The interactions between climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the Baltic Sea should be considered in management, implementation of policy strategies in the Baltic Sea environmental issues, and adaptation to future climate change. 相似文献
95.
It has been claimed that Tonle Sap Lake is rapidly filling with sediment as a result of increasing sediment yields from the catchment. Infilling of the lake basin would have serious implications for the magnitude of flooding in central Cambodia and the Mekong Delta region and threaten the lake's unique ecosystem. In this article, we synthesize the results of radiocarbon dating of sediment cores and hydrodynamic modeling results to provide an empirically based assessment of this issue. We find that current sedimentation rates within the lake basin proper are low and have been for several millennia. However, sedimentation at the lake margin and in its floodplain is relatively high, which presents a range of issues for riparian communities. 相似文献
96.
/ Three large rivers in northern Finland, the Kemijoki, Iijoki, and Oulujoki rivers, were dammed for hydropower generation in the 1940s-1960s. Due to differences in environmental conditions, these impoundments require detailed study to produce guidelines for fisheries management.Water quality, hydrology, vegetation, and geomorphology data of 16 impoundments were gathered. Shoreline land-use data were derived from maps, and fish assemblage data were collected by exploratory fishing and from the annual fishery statistics. The relations among environmental variables were studied, and a classification of the impoundments was developed by hierarchical cluster analysis. Consequently, three impoundment groups with different environmental characteristics were formed. Significant differences among impoundment groups were also detected in fish yield. We conclude that the variation in environmental conditions, together with differences in fish communities in the impoundments were important enough to justify the claim that impoundments of different types require different management strategies. KEY WORDS: Impoundments; River regulation; Fish assemblage; Water quality; Aquatic vegetation; Finland 相似文献
97.
Nagar Bhuvnesh Rawat Sushma Pandey Rajiv Kumar Munesh Alatalo Juha M. 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2022,24(4):5594-5613
Environment, Development and Sustainability - Trees are important as a source of fuelwood and fodder for rural populations in the Himalayas. This paper analysed the fuelwood and fodder consumption... 相似文献
98.
The purpose of the research was to study the behavior of lignin degradation under different conditions (T 110–190°C, pO2 0.5–1.5 MPa, pH 5, 9 and 12) and to develop a predictive model. Temperature increase improved lignin removal from 75% at
110°C to 100% at 190°C (experimental). Increasing the pH enhanced the lignin removal efficiency from 30 to 97% (experimental).
The developed model predicted the lignin degradation and changes in COD, BOD and TOC. The model agreed well with the experimental
data (R
2 = 0.93 at pH 5 and 12). 相似文献
99.
Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on behaviour and growth of three species of amphibian larvae 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on amphibian embryos have been investigated in a number of studies, but the effects on larvae have received less attention. We investigated the effects of UV-B radiation on the behaviour and growth of larvae of three amphibians (Rana arvalis, Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo) in two different experiments. First, we tested whether larvae of the three species actively avoid UV-B exposure if given a choice. We found no evidence for active avoidance of UV-B or changes in activity in the presence of UV-B in any of the species. Second, we assessed the effects of natural (1.25 kJm(-2)) and enhanced (1.58 kJm(-2)) UV-B radiation on the survival and growth of the three species and found that the exposure to UV-B radiation did not have any effect on survival rates of any of the species. However, UV-B radiation had a positive effect on the growth of R. arvalis and R. temporaria, whereas the growth of B. bufo tadpoles was unaffected by the UV-B treatments. Our results suggest that a short-term exposure to UV-B radiation does not induce any UV-B avoidance behaviour in tadpoles of these three species. Furthermore, unlike some previous studies, the results suggest that the young tadpoles of these species are not negatively affected by UV-B radiation. In fact, our results demonstrate that a moderate amount of UV-B radiation enhance tadpole growth rates in two of the three species. 相似文献
100.
Wang Ruibo Bai Yang Alatalo Juha M. Guo Guimei Yang Zhangqian Yang Zongbao Yang Wei 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(59):88852-88865
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban agglomeration will be the main mode of future urbanization in China, greatly influencing social and economic development and ecosystem... 相似文献