Pheromone communication and the mushroom body of the ant, Camponotus obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Communication by means of pheromones plays predominant roles in colony integration by social insects. However, almost nothing is known about pheromone processing in the brains of social insects. In this study, we successfully applied intracellular recording and staining techniques to anatomically and physiologically characterize brain neurons of the ant Camponotus obscuripes. We identified 42 protocerebral neurons that responded to undecane and/or formic acid, components of alarm pheromones that evoke attraction or evasive behavior, respectively. Notably, 30 (71%) of these neurons were efferent (output) or feedback neurons of the mushroom body, and many of these exhibited different responses to formic acid and undecane. Eight of the remaining 12 neurons had arborizations in the lateral and/or medial protocerebrum, which receive terminations of efferent neurons of the mushroom body and from which premotor descending neurons originate. The remaining four neurons were bilateral neurons that connect lateral accessory lobes or dorsal protocerebrums of both hemispheres. We suggest that the mushroom body of the ant participates in the processing of alarm pheromones. Seventeen (40%) of 42 neurons exhibited responses to nonpheromonal odors, indicating that the pheromonal and nonpheromonal signals are not fully segregated when they are processed in the protocerebrum. This may be related to modulatory functions of alarm pheromones, i.e., they change alertness of the ant and change responses to a variety of sensory stimuli.     

污染物的微生物毒性检验

从文献报导的１０几种污染物毒性试验方法中，选择了脱氢酶活性、Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｏｘ毒性、微生物呼吸率、以及降解动力学等４种方法，系统地比较，研究了其表示污染物对微生物的毒性效应的灵敏性，准确性，可靠性和实用性，研究结果应用于焦化废水、染化废水与黄浦江水样的检验表明，ＭＴＸ方法能最好地反映污染物的微生物毒性，且操作简便，费时少，数据的解释也最为方便。     

水污染造成的环境经济损失分析

立足于我国水资源现状，对造成水污染损失的主要影响因素进行分析。探讨适合于我国国情的水污染损失的计算方法。以南方某市为例，计算该市水污染损失，得到了一些有益的结论．给政府部门提供了一个较为准确的损失数据。通过政府的干预或经济法律手段，加大水资源保护管理工作的力度。     

Neutron activation method in the analysis of environmental objects

ＮｅｕｔｒｏｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｎｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｏｂｊｅｃｔｓＧ．Ｍ．Ｋｏｌｅｓｏｖ（Ｖ．Ｉ．ＶｅｒｎａｄｓｋｙＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｃｈｅｍ。＆Ａｎａｌ．Ｃｈｅｍ．，ＲｕｓｓｉａｎＡｃａｄ...     

工业废水BOD5与CODcr相关关系的探讨

众所周知,工业废水BOD_5的测定,繁琐而费时。研究COD_(cr)与BOD_5的相关性,由COD_(cr)间接求算BOD_5,较为方便、省时,且可以其相关性指导BOD_5的测定,验证BOD_5结果的准确性。为此,我们收集、整理了徐汇区属造纸、印染、食品、饮食及洗涤等行业的典型工业废水的BOD_5和COD_(cr)数据,求出了COD_(cr)和BOD_5的相关关系式(图1～图5)。     

铬的溶剂萃取(评论)

<正> 铬的溶液中主要以两种氧化态即Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)存在。第一种较稳定,并有形成惰性络合物的倾向。在非络合剂阴离子(如ClO_4~-)存在的情况下,Cr(Ⅲ)离子以Cr(H_2O)_6~(3+)及其水解产物的形式存在,在不同的pH值时,占优势的是Cr(H_2O)_5OH~(2+)     

谈谈环境容量

环境容量是环境科学的基本概念之一。我国引入环境容量的理论及其概念已有10余年历史。 环境容量曾作为国家“六五”科技攻关课题,国家环境保护局组织全国40多个单位的科技工作者通过多学科协作共同攻关,在沱江200公里江段上进行三次大规模同步监测、10多次水团追踪实验,在湘江14公里江段上进行三次不同水期大规模采样,在深圳河7公里河段上、113平方公里的深圳湾上进行三期野外作业,在大流域范围内作广泛深入的环境调查、在很多实验室进行理化分析和专题研究,共取得数百万个数据,基本上明确了环境容量的概念。该概念得到我国环境界普遍重视,逐渐成为