缓释型活性炭负载纳米铁(nZVI-C)对废水中Cr(Ⅵ) 的去除性能及机制

纳米零价铁(nanoscale zero-valent iron, nZVI)具有污染物去除效率高、易制备、成本低、环境友好等优点,在环境修复领域得到广泛应用。目前针对nZVI的研究热点是通过改性,改善其易团聚、易被氧化等缺点并提升修复性能。本研究将负载法和聚合物包覆改性法相结合,使用活性炭和绿色无毒聚天冬氨酸(polyaspartic acid, PASP)对nZVI起到了良好的稳定和缓释效果,减少了nZVI的团聚并增大了比表面积、延长了反应平衡时间,显著提升了对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果。铁碳比为2∶1时,复合材料的修复性能是nZVI与活性炭单独处理加和的1.75倍,最高可去除99.91%的Cr(Ⅵ)。本研究还通过正交实验筛选了复合材料的最佳制备条件,分析了C-PASP-nZVI投加量、污染物浓度和pH对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水修复效果的影响。C-PASP-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学过程符合Lagergren准二级模型,说明复合材料对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除过程由化学吸附主导。以上研究结果表明,C-PASP-nZVI是一种可用于重金属污染水体修复的潜在理想材料。     

Metal transport in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage--The Afon Goch, Anglesey, UK

Sampling of the Afon Goch over a 14-month period revealed maximum dissolved Fe, Al, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations of 259, 167, 49, 60 and 42 mg dm(-3), respectively, and pH as low as 2.3, making it one of the most metal- and acid-contaminated streams in the UK. The river produces particulates by precipitation of ferrihydrite, due to the entry of near-neutral tributary waters, under all discharge conditions. Consequently, metal transport in this stream is dominated by processes different from those in less contaminated streams. The stream acts as a sink for contaminants, except under high discharge, when accumulated metals are flushed from the system. The implications of these observations for the monitoring and management of streams polluted by acid mine drainage are discussed.     

Influence of form and quantity of selenium on the development and survival of an insect herbivore

Even plants classified as 'nonaccumulators' can sequester concentrations of sodium selenate, sodium selenite, selenocystine and selenomethionine that can strongly influence insect development and survival. These forms of selenium (Se), tested in diet-incorporation bioassays, proved toxic to larvae of a generalist insect herbivore at relatively low levels. Sodium selenite was the most toxic form tested against Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), with an LC(50) of 9.14 microg g(-1) wet wt (21.11 microg g(-1) dry wt). Selenocystine was intermediate with an LC(50) of 15.2 microg g(-1) wet wt. The least toxic forms, sodium selenate and selenomethionine, had LC(50)s below 50 microg g(-1) dry wt, the upper level for tissues of plants classified as nonaccumulators. Ingestion of some forms of Se also affected growth and development. Increasing concentrations of sodium selenate and sodium selenite decreased pupal weight and added significantly to the time needed for development to the pupal and adult stages. The time required to complete the larval stage increased by over 25% and the time from egg to adult emergence was extended by 22% to nearly 30%. Selenocystine and selenomethionine did not significantly increase developmental times, even at concentrations that killed 90% or more of the test populations. Analyses of relative growth rate, relative growth index, and an analysis of covariance technique for measuring growth indicated that the form of Se affected growth rates, growth inhibition responses of the larvae, and toxicological effects. Thus, quantity and the form of Se accumulating in plants grown on Se-contaminated sites are likely to influence the population dynamics of insect herbivores. The implications of these results for the ecology of contaminated sites are discussed.     

Uranium removal from groundwater via in situ biostimulation: Field-scale modeling of transport and biological processes

During 2002 and 2003, bioremediation experiments in the unconfined aquifer of the Old Rifle UMTRA field site in western Colorado provided evidence for the immobilization of hexavalent uranium in groundwater by iron-reducing Geobacter sp. stimulated by acetate amendment. As the bioavailable Fe(III) terminal electron acceptor was depleted in the zone just downgradient of the acetate injection gallery, sulfate-reducing organisms came to dominate the microbial community. In the present study, we use multicomponent reactive transport modeling to analyze data from the 2002 field experiment to identify the dominant transport and biological processes controlling uranium mobility during biostimulation, and determine field-scale parameters for these modeled processes. The coupled process simulation approach was able to establish a quantitative characterization of the principal flow, transport, and reaction processes based on the 2002 field experiment, that could be applied without modification to describe the 2003 field experiment. Insights gained from this analysis include field-scale estimates of the bioavailable Fe(III) mineral threshold for the onset of sulfate reduction, and rates for the Fe(III), U(VI), and sulfate terminal electron accepting processes.     

A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据,运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征,并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内,工业废水排放逐年减少,但废水排放总量不断上升,表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变;（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征,胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线;（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征,集聚趋势逐年加强;（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示,城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比,热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致,但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

Radon emanation from NORM-contaminated pipe scale and soil at petroleum industry sites

Radon-222 emanation fractions were determined for barite scale deposits associated with petroleum production tubing and soil contaminated with naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). Samples were analyzed for 226Ra concentration, the results of which were used to calculate the 222Rn emanation fraction for the sample. An important parameter determining the overall Rn activity flux from a solid medium, 222Rn emanation fraction represents the fraction of 222Rn produced that enters the interconnected pore space within a medium contaminated with 226Ra before the 222Rn undergoes radioactive decay. The primary objective of the study was to determine whether 222Rn emanation fractions from pipe scale and soil from petroleum production sites are similar to those of uranium mill tailings. Pipe scale samples were collected at four sites representing a wide geographical area, and consisted primarily of barite scale where Ra atoms have replaced a fraction of the Ba within the crystal lattice of the scale. Soil samples were collected at five sites, from areas exhibiting elevated surface gamma exposure rates indicating the presence of NORM. For comparison, 226Ra concentrations and 222Rn emanation fraction were also determined for uranium mill tailings samples provided from a site in Utah. Although 2226Ra concentrations from pipe scale samples were similar to those found in uranium mill tailings, 222Rn emanation fractions from scale were generally lower. Emanation fractions from each data set were statistically different from those of mill tailings (p < or = 0.01). The differences are probably due to physical differences between the two media and to the method by which the Ra is deposited in the material. Radon emanation from soils was extremely variable owing not only to differences in physical and chemical soil properties, but also to the means by which NORM has entered the soil. Although additional emanation measurements from other sites are needed, the data collected at these sites indicate that regulations intended to protect human health from 222Rn inhalation should consider the type and properties of the medium in which the NORM is contained, rather than relying strictly on concentrations of the parent 226Ra.     

目标与承诺耦合干预对群体用户节能行为作用效果的纵向实验

私人领域的个体或家庭节能日益受到重视,然而对缺乏财务动机的公共领域群体用能者而言,如何促进其主动节能还缺乏关注。为评估目标设置和承诺方式耦合的非财务策略在激励群体用户节电上的有效性,该研究开展了一项为期14周的现场对照实验。将两种难度的节电目标（节电15%的高目标、节电5%的低目标）和对目标的两种承诺方式（公开承诺、私下承诺）进行耦合,形成4个实验组,并设置1个无干预对照组,以评估4种干预策略对促进群体用户节电的有效性。实验以电力系统记录的群体居住者的真实用电量数据为依据,运用双重差分法分析不同干预策略的节电效果。结果显示：3种“目标+承诺”的耦合干预策略可以显著促进群体用能者主动节电。其中,“高目标+公开承诺”组的节电效果最好,与对照组相比节电25.221%;其次是“低目标+公开承诺”组（节电20.511%）和“高目标+私下承诺”组（节电17.821%）,而“低目标+私下承诺”组的节电效果不显著。析因分析进一步发现：目标难度与承诺方式之间交互效应不显著。在目标设置与承诺的耦合中,主要是承诺方式发挥了作用,而且,公开承诺优于私下承诺。这些结论为如何利用目标和承诺等非财务干预策略低成本地促进公共建筑的群体用能者主动节能提供了依据和可行建议。     

An integrated decision-support process for adaptation planning: climate change as impetus for scenario planning in an agricultural region of Canada

The amount of information required to adapt to climate change is vast: downscaled climate projections, information on environmental impact, sectoral performance, external drivers, regional strategies, policies and practices. It can be argued that most of this information is accessible at the community/regional level, and thus, the important challenges to adaptation are not information gaps, but constraints created by fragmented planning decisions and a sector-by-sector basis for financial and human resource allocations. To strategically address this through adaptation planning, we developed and tested a place-based decision-making framework that creates an integrated platform for considering regional and global sectoral drivers in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Using available socioeconomic and biophysical information from regional authorities, alternative future scenarios were used to describe the range of socioeconomic futures and their vulnerabilities to climate change. We found that: (1) integration of diverse sets of available data (rather than narrowly focused sectoral assessments) helped identify shared common objectives (maximizing the long-term environmental, economic, social well-being within the region), (2) a high degree of congruence existed as the key drivers of change, irrespective of sector, (3) exploring the future scenarios highlighted shared regional priorities and helped identify adaptation priorities requiring more integrated regional planning.