An investigation of roof runoff during rain events at the Royal Military College of Canada and potential discharge to Lake Ontario

The Royal Military College of Canada, located on the north eastern shore of Lake Ontario, possesses an abundance of copper roofs and lacks surface water treatment prior to discharge into Lake Ontario. Rainwater, roof runoff and soil samples were collected and analyzed for copper and other parameters. Copper was consistently detected in runoff samples with average concentrations of 3200 2100 g/L. Multivariable linear regression analysis for a dependant copper runoff concentration yielded an adjusted R2 value of 0.611, based on an independent variable model using minimum temperature, maximum temperature, total precipitation, and wind speed. Lake water samples taken in the vicinity of storm water outfalls draining areas with copper roofs ranged from 2.0 to 40 g/L copper. Such data exceed the 2.0 g/L Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life as outlined by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Analysis of raw, filtered and digested forms suggested that the majority of copper present in runoff and lake water samples was in a dissolved form. The majority of soils taken in this study displayed copper concentrations below the 63 g/g CCME residential/parkland land use limits. These findings suggested that ion exchange processes between runoff water and soil do not occur to a sufficient extent to elevate copper levels in soil. It may therefore be concluded that the eventual fate of copper, which is not discharged via storm water outfalls, is lost to the water table and Lake Ontario through the sub-soil.     

青藏高原纳木错和安多牧区室内空气污染研究

2009年夏季在青藏高原纳木错和安多牧区对牧民帐篷内细颗粒(PM2.5)浓度和一氧化碳(CO)的含量进行了观测,以认识牧区室内空气中PM2.5和CO的污染水平、日变化特征及主要影响因素,以及不同人群在污染物中的暴露水平.观测结果表明,未安装烟囱的帐篷内PM2.5浓度和CO平均含量(体积分数)分别为1.272 mg·m-...     

Detection of Phaeocystis globosa using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH)

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel is one of the common harmful algae species in coastal waters of the southeastern China. In this study, sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect P. globosa. Results showed that this method had good applicability and validity in analyzing the samples from laboratory cultures and from fields. The linear regression equation for P. globosa was obtained, and the lowest detection number of cells was 1.8×104 cells. Statistics showed that there was no distinct difference between the results of detecting the microalgae by NPA-SH and traditional microscopy. This technique has good reliability, accuracy, and can give a remarkably high sample processing rate. Sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay will provide an efficient alternative to microscopic method for monitoring and investigating the bloom of P. globosa.     

Detection of Phaeocystis globosa using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH)

Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel is one of the common harmful algae species in coastal waters of the southeastern China. In this study, sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH) was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect P. globosa. Results showed that this method had good applicability and validity in analyzing the samples from laboratory cultures and from fields. The linear regression equation for P. globosa was obtained, and the lowest detection number of cells was 1.8 × 10⁴ cells. Statistics showed that there was no distinct difference between the results of detecting the microalgae by NPA-SH and traditional microscopy. This technique has good reliability, accuracy, and can give a remarkably high sample processing rate. Sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay will provide an efficient alternative to microscopic method for monitoring and investigating the bloom of P. globosa.     

调水调沙对黄河下游营养盐变化规律的影响

根据黄河首次调水调沙期间(2002年7月)和2002年在黄河利津站对营养盐的月际观测结果,系统分析了2002年黄河首次调水调沙期间黄河利津站和全年溶解无机态营养盐的变化,讨论了营养盐与水情要素之间的相互关系,计算了调水调沙期间及全年营养盐入海通量,并和历史资料作了比较.结果表明,调水调沙期间NO_3~-N、NO_2~--N、NH_4~+-N浓度的变化范围分别为169.3～273.2、 0.08～0.84、 1.39～5.04 μmol·dm~(-3),平均浓度分别为218.6、 0.16、 2.27 μmol·dm~(-3);PO_4~(3-)-P、 SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度的变化范围为0.36～0.56、 161.4～195.8 μmol·dm～-3,平均浓度分别为0.48、 166.7 μmol·dm~(-3).在调水调沙期间,NO_3~--N浓度与水量无显著相关性,PO_4~(3-)-P浓度与水沙均无显著相关性,而SiO_3~(2-)-Si浓度与沙量呈显著正相关.与历史资料相比,调水调沙对黄河下游溶解态无机营养盐浓度在全年的变化规律并无明显影响.但黄河首次调水调沙短短不到一个月的时间,所输送的营养盐通量便占到当年输送通量的一半左右.调水调沙对营养盐输送通量在年内的分配产生重大影响,使得黄河营养盐向河口的输送非常集中.     

近50年辽宁热量资源时空演变特征分析

结合GIS技术、气候倾向率以及突变分析方法对辽宁近50年热量资源相关要素的时空演变特征和突变特征进行分析,研究表明：就区域平均值而言,除≥20℃积温以外,其它各界限温度积温都表现出极显著增多趋势,增幅在64~67℃•d /10a之间。≥0℃和≥5℃初日显著提前,≥10℃和≥15℃终日显著延后,持续日数都显著增多。≥0℃、≥5℃和≥10℃积温在1993年前后发生突变,≥15℃和≥20℃积温气候突变发生在1998年前后;≥0℃、≥10℃、≥20℃初日,≥0℃、≥5℃、≥10℃、≥15℃持续日数以及≥20℃终日都发生气候突变。在空间上,近50年≥0℃和≥10℃积温：在辽西大部、中部平原以及大连大部地区极显著增多,且增幅最大,在60℃•d/10a以上;在1970年代减少,从1980年代开始不断增多。≥0℃持续日数在中部平原、辽西南部、东部山区南部和大连南部地区显著增多,其中高值区范围在1980年代减小,低值区范围年代间交替变化。≥10℃持续日数在环渤海部分地区、中部平原和辽北部分地区显著增多,在1970年代大部地区减少,从1980年代开始,大部地区持续增多。     

Potential Applications for Pyrolysis-GC/MS in Bioremediation

Preliminary data are presented from a set of experiments designed to promote the use of pyrolysis-GC/MS in bioremediation. Studies were designed to aid researchers in developing a pyrolysis-GC/MS method and identifying how the method could help characterize bioremediation, particularly in organic soils. Since sample size affects the results of pyrolytic analyses, the first experiment demonstrated how an appropriate sample size might be selected for pyrolysis-GC/MS testing. In order to show how quantitative results can be obtained from pyrolysis-GC/MS, a second experiment determined the 'goodness of fit' for a standard curve relating the chromatographic area under a pyrogram to actual mass units. The third experiment investigated ways in which pyrolysis-GC/MS analyses could improve our understanding of bioremediation in organic soils contaminated with crude oil. Experimental results confirmed that differences in analyte mass affect the extent of pyrolytic cracking. In pyrograms of the test soil, the ratio of toluene to total product showed that for a sample mass between 1.8 and 2.0 mg, variability in the cracking pattern was minimized. Unlike deviations outside this range, small deviations within the range did not appreciably effect the toluene ratio. A standard curve was prepared for pyrolytic analyses by plotting the total chromatographic area of all pyrolysis products versus the mass of organic material pyrolyzed. These data were fit with a straight line having an 'R²' of 0.73. Based on a bench scale bioremediation experiment, preliminary pyrolysis-GC/MS results were used to predict that compounds derived from lignin and carbohydrates would be degraded faster in uncontaminated than contaminated soils. Appreciable degradation of both compounds, however, occurred in contaminated soils. In addition, results suggested that using pyrolysis-GC/MS to quantify the sum of all n-alkanes and the ratio of odd to even chain n-alkanes could help researchers distinguish between the degradation of petroleum and non-petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated and uncontaminated soils.     

Spatial variability of shallow groundwater level, electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration, and risk assessment of nitrate contamination in North China Plain

In recent years, nitrate (NO3) contamination of groundwater has become a growing concern for people in rural areas in North China Plain (NCP) where groundwater is used as drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate groundwater resource level, to determine groundwater quality and to assess the risk of NO3 pollution in groundwater in Quzhou County in the NCP. Ordinary Kriging (OK) method was used to analyze the spatial variability of shallow groundwater level, groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) and NO3-N concentrations, and Indictor Kriging (IK) method was used to analyze the data with NO3-N concentrations equal or greater than the groundwater NO3 pollution threshold (20 mg L(-1)). The results indicated that groundwater level averaged 9.81 m, a level 6 m lower than in 1990. The spatial correlation distances for groundwater level, EC and NO3-N concentration were 21.93, 2.19 and 3.55 km, respectively. The contour map showed that shallow groundwater level areas extended from north to south across the County. Groundwater EC was above 3 dS m(-1) in the most part of the northern county. Groundwater NO3 pollution (NO3-N> or =20 mg L(-1)) mainly occurred in the County Seat areas due to wastewater irrigation and excessive fertilizer leaching from agricultural fields. At Henantuang town, besides suburban of the County Seat, groundwater was also contaminated by NO3 shown by the map generated using the IK method, which was not reflected in the map generated using the OK method. The map generated using the OK method could not reflect correctly the groundwater NO3 pollution status. The IK method is useful to assess the risk of NO3 pollution by giving the conditional probability of NO3 concentration exceeding the threshold value. It is suggested that risk assessment of NO3 pollution is useful for better managing groundwater resource, preventing soil salinization and minimizing NO3 pollution in groundwater.     

城镇污水厂微塑料赋存形态、组分及去除效率全流程分析与归趋行为

微塑料是污水处理厂最难去除的新型污染物之一. 为探究污水厂微塑料颗粒赋存形态、尺寸分布、组分、去除效率、泥水中的迁移规律及归趋行为特征,以呼和浩特市某污水处理厂为例,布置17个采样点,并对水厂按月取样对出水进行全年检测分析,借助LAS X软件对微塑料的形状、丰度和尺寸进行统计,并展开全流程分析. 结果表明,纤维状微塑料丰度最高且分布最广,是主要的存在形态,占总丰度的61.8%;微塑料尺寸主要介于0~1.00 mm之间,4种尺寸中0.25~0.50 mm的微塑料丰度最多,占比32.9%. 检测到的8种塑料成分中,以聚酯类物质（PET、PBT）、纤维素和聚丙烯（PP）成分为主,占比分别为25%、21%和17%. 污水厂进水丰度为（73 ±5）n·L^-1,出水丰度为（14 ±2）n·L^-1,整体去除率为（80.8 ±12.1）%. 污水厂3个处理阶段中,只有一级处理起到了去除作用,微塑料在二级处理中丰度出现了激增. 不同构筑物对微塑料起到主要去除作用的是细格栅（49.2 ±7.4）%和二沉池（92.4 ±13.9）%. 微塑料主要以纤维状、碎片状和薄膜状存在,纤维状占比在70%左右,碎片状尺寸主要集中在0.50~5.00 mm之间,占比从大于0.50 mm以后开始上升,尺寸在1.00~5.00 mm范围内最多,占比为50%,成为超过纤维状存在的主要形态. 薄膜状尺寸多集中在小于0.50 mm范围内,占比在10%以上. 因此,提高小尺寸纤维状与薄膜状微塑料与大尺寸碎片状微塑料颗粒的去除可以有效地降低污水处理厂排水对环境中微塑料的污染风险.     

CBM-CFS3: A model of carbon-dynamics in forestry and land-use change implementing IPCC standards

The scientific community, forest managers, environmental organizations, carbon-offset trading systems and policy-makers require tools to account for forest carbon stocks and carbon stock changes. In this paper we describe updates to the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) implemented over the past years. This model of carbon-dynamics implements a Tier 3 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for reporting on carbon stocks and carbon stock changes resulting from Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). The CBM-CFS3 is a generic modelling framework that can be applied at the stand, landscape and national levels. The model provides a spatially referenced, hierarchical system for integrating datasets originating from different forest inventory and monitoring programs and includes a structure that allows for tracking of land areas by different land-use and land-use change classes. Ecosystem pools in CBM-CFS3 can be easily mapped to IPCC-defined pools and validated against field measurements. The model uses sophisticated algorithms for converting volume to biomass and explicitly simulates individual annual disturbance events (natural and anthropogenic). Several important scientific updates have been made to improve the representation of ecosystem structure and processes from previous versions of CBM-CFS. These include: (1) an expanded representation of dead organic matter and soil carbon, particularly standing dead trees, and a new algorithm for initializing these pools prior to simulation, (2) a change in the input data requirement for simulating growth from biomass to readily available merchantable volume curves, and new algorithms for converting volume to biomass, (3) improved prediction of belowground biomass, and (4) improved parameters for soil organic matter decay, fire, insect disturbances, and forest management. In addition, an operational-scale version of CBM-CFS3 is freely available and includes tools to import data in standard formats, including the output of several timber supply models that are commonly used in Canada. Although developed for Canadian forests, the flexible nature of the model has enabled it to be adapted for use in several other countries.