中国环境空气苯系物类挥发性有机物监测能力现状分析

为了解和评价中国环境空气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测能力和技术水平,以量化的手段评估环境空气VOCs监测数据质量,促进实验室质量管理水平提升,笔者以环境空气VOCs中的苯系物为代表,组织31个省、自治区、直辖市216家各级各类生态环境检验检测机构开展了实验室比对,利用稳健统计技术分析评价实验结果.结果表明:环境空气苯...     

中国与美国环境空气监测用标气管理比较与经验启示

中国生态环境监测事权上收改革后,生态环境监测工作实施的主体呈现多元化发展趋势,作为生态环境监测关键“量具”的气体标准物质/标准样品涉及的制造商日趋多元化,其量值准确性和一致性直接影响中国大气环境监测数据的准确性和可比性。为掌握并提升中国生态环境监测在用气体标准物质/标准样品质量,总结了美国环境监测气体标准管理经验,提出中国气体监测用标准物质/标准样品管理建议,助力实现中国大气环境监测数据真、准、全、快、新。     

Motivating children's cooperation to conserve forests

Forests are essential common-pool resources. Understanding children's and adolescents’ motivations for conservation is critical to improving conservation education. In 2 experiments, we investigated 1086 school-aged children and adolescents (6–16 years old) from the United States, China, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Testing participants in groups, we assessed their motivation for conservation based on collective-risk common-pool goods games in which they were threatened with losing their endowment unless the group donation exceeded a threshold needed to maintain the forest. Extrinsic motivations, rather than intrinsic, tended to lead to successful cooperation to maintain a forest. Certainty of losing individual payoffs significantly boosted successful cooperative conservation efforts across cultures (success rates were 90.63% and 74.19% in the 2 risk-extrinsic conditions, and 43.75% in the control condition). In U.S. participants, 2 extrinsic incentives, priming discussions of the value of forests and delay of payoffs as punishment, also increased success of cooperative conservation (success rates were 97.22% and 76.92% in the 2 extrinsic-incentive conditions, and 29.19% and 30.77% in the 2 control conditions). Conservation simulations, like those we used, may allow educators to encourage forest protection by leading groups to experience successful cooperation and the extrinsic incentives needed to motivate forest conservation.