矿区河流中氟化物的多源贡献量计算及环境背景值确定

环境背景值反映了环境质量的原始状态,是确定区域环境污染程度的基础,在环境质量评价、政府决策中起着十分重要的作用。对于具有矿产背景的区域,由于其水文地质环境复杂,传统背景值的计算方法存在局限性。笔者以明白河流域为研究对象,利用水文分析工具,结合实际采样检测,将流域内氟化物的来源分为4类,单独进行估算,并利用研究区出境断面处的多年历史数据对估算结果进行验证,预测精度达到89.4%;最后只考虑自然因素对总量的贡献,计算出河流中氟化物的背景值为1.72 mg/L。     

Reducing non-point source pollution with enhancing infiltration

The rainfall system was set up on a slope land, which was used with some materials to enhance soil infiltration. The results showed that it was effective to enhance the infiltration of rainwater in soil and reduce the pollutants of surface runoff. After the soil meliorated by the lignin polymer and zeolite, runoff was delayed about 10 min and reduced by 44.40%--50.00%, synchronously, the pollutant loads, such as total suspended solids （TSS）, chemical oxygen demand by ditromate （CODCr）, total nitroger （TN） and total phosphorus （TP）, were reduced on averages by 44.58%, 37.80%, 51.62% and 44.11%, respectively. It is an available technique to control the pollution of non-point source from sources.     

Radiation-induced reduction of chromium(Ⅵ) in aqueous solution by γ-irradiation in a laboratory-scale

Radiation-induced reduction of chromium(Ⅵ)(Cr(Ⅵ) by γ-irradiation was studied with an initial concentration of 42 mg/L in aqueous solutions. Several factors which might affect the reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) were examined. pH of aqueous solution affects the reduction efficiency significantly. Acidic condition of aqueous solution accelerates the process. At pH 2, a reduction of 86.2%was achieved with the absorbed dose of 15 kGy, while, with the same dose, at pH 5 and 7, the reduction of Cr (Ⅵ) were only 36.3%and 22.2%, respectively. Ethanol (0.1% in V:V) and sodium carbonate (1 mmol/L) were added into the solution respectively as relatively non-toxic hydroxyl radical scavengers. Reduction rate increased greatly in the presence of ethanol at each pH. Reduction efficiency of Cr(Ⅵ) was enhanced in neutral condition with the addition of sodium carbonate, however, no enhancement was found in acidic condition. The reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) was restrained when the solution was saturated with oxygen; however, the restraint was not significant.     

Surface-exchange of NOx and NH3 above a winter wheat field in the Yangtze Delta, China

Introduction N itrogen oxides (N O x=N O N O 2) in the troposphere are m ainly derived from fuel com bustion, soil-biogenic em issions, biom ass burning, and lightning (Finlayson-Pitts et al., 1986; H am eed and D ignon, 1988; Levy et al., 1989; Logan, 1…     

北京市大气和降雨中醛酮化合物的污染研究

2005年6月到2005年8月在北京市区采用2,4-二硝基苯肼HPLC法测定了大气和降水中的醛酮类化合物.结果表明,大气醛酮类化合物中以丙酮的浓度最高,其次是甲醛、乙醛和丙醛,浓度分别是22.14、19.51、17.18、3.85μg·m-3,这4种化合物占大气醛酮总量的84.7%.分析大气中醛酮化合物浓度,结果表明,北京醛酮化合物污染主要来自人为源,并且甲醛、乙醛和丙醛具有相似的源和汇.通过对比晴朗和多云天气条件对醛酮浓度日变化的影响可知,夏季光化学反应是大气中醛酮的重要源.夏季降雨对大气中醛酮化合物浓度影响明显,降雨前后大气中醛酮污染物浓度日变化的对比研究说明,湿沉降是大气中醛酮污染物的重要汇.同时检测出雨水中含11种醛酮化合物,其中甲醛浓度最高为166.3μg·L-1,乙醛浓度为43.63μg·L-1,丙酮浓度为34.33μg·L-1.     

无机纳滤膜处理低水平放射性废水的试验研究

选择相对分子质量2 000～5 000的水溶性聚丙烯酸钠作为无机纳滤膜处理主要含⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co放射性核素的低水平放射性废水的辅助药剂.重点考察了非放模拟废水的pH值及聚丙烯酸钠投加量对废水中锶、铯、钴等稳定核素截留率及膜通量的影响,并就影响机理做了初步探讨.得到较优的试验条件为:pH值7～8,聚丙烯酸钠体积浓度不低于0.1%.在优化的条件下,进行实际放射性废水的处理试验.结果表明,聚丙烯酸钠辅助无机纳滤膜处理低水平放射性废水是可行的,对总β和总γ的净化率均达到95%左右,且可得到满意的膜通量.     

水中酞酸酯类化合物的测定

通过筛选水中酞酸酯类化合物的萃取条件,优选出方法简单、回收率高的萃取方法,利用GC—FID和GC—MS—SIM检测,证明筛选的方法稳定可靠,平均回收率在98．1％～105％,在能力验证中获得了满意的结果。     

基于GC-MS分析方法的石油化工行业特征挥发性有机物分析

2014年青奥会期间,采用苏玛罐采样和GC/MS分析的方法对南京市2家石油化工企业部分典型工艺的特征VOCs进行了监测分析,结果表明,其主要组分为烷烃、苯系物、含氧有机物、卤代烃和烯烃,主要特征污染物有异丁烷、正戊烷、正丁烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇、乙醛、丙酮等。指出,企业在日常的生产管理中,应加强巡查、监管,避免装置挥发性有机物的跑冒滴漏,减少污染物的逸散,降低对环境的影响。     

典型陆源入海排污对邻近海域富营养化及生物毒性的影响

主要采用等标污染负荷、营养状态指数、生物综合毒性指标和GIS手段,通过对秦皇岛海域3个陆源入海排污口及邻近海域水质因子调查,考察典型陆源入海排污对邻近海域富营养化及生物毒性的影响。结果表明,大蒲河、人造河和洋河入海污染物的等标污染负荷比分别为36.9%、61.1%和2.0%,其中大蒲河和人造河对该海域污染负荷比的贡献达98%,为主要污染源;邻近海域主要超标污染物为PO3-4和DIN,PO3-4浓度与NQI相关分析(r=0.76,P=0.004 6)和GIS空间对比表明,PO3-4可能是造成该海域富营养化的主要因子。NQI和发光细菌发光抑制率的空间分布特征表明,该海域受陆源排污的影响比较明显。     

涉刑环境监测中有待解决的若干技术问题及对策建议

指出了涉刑环境监测工作中,司法鉴定机构的资质及监测数据认可、环保标准与规范、固体废物监测等方面存在的问题。提出,涉刑监测单位应尽快获取司法鉴定机构资质;国家层面应给出涉刑监测数据认可的指导性意见;加快环境标准制修订工作,增强标准的适用性和可操作性;修订《危险废物鉴别技术规范》（HJ/T 298-2007）和相应系列鉴别标准。