喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害类型及特征研究∗

以喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵作为研究对象,基于现场典型病害调查数据,系统论述了喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害类型、发育特征以及影响因素,提出了相应的病害整治措施建议。调查结果显示,喜马拉雅山区公路桥梁上部结构梁板铰接缝与翼缘渗水泛碱病害和桥面铺装病害较为普遍,病害率分别为 25% 和 42%。下部结构的桥墩病害主要表现为基础冲刷(12.5%)、桥台台前护坡和耳墙破损(25%)以及桥台背墙渗水、腐蚀、掏空(29.17%)。桥梁附属构造物常见病害为伸缩缝病害、锥坡病害以及导流工程病害等,其中 62.5% 的桥梁病害出现在伸缩缝位置。涵洞的主要病害主要有涵洞盖板和翼墙开裂倾斜、涵洞进出口堵塞、波纹管涵断裂以及涵背跳车,并且大约 60% 的涵洞病害位于多年冻土区涵洞进出口位置。公路桥涵工程病害主要是由于环境因素(气候环境、地形地貌、人类活动)和工程因素(设计、施工、养护、建筑材料)所致。因此,建议建立喜马拉雅山区公路桥涵病害数据库,形成 “空-天-地”一体化综合监测系统,研发病害防治新技术,做好定期养护维修,提高公路桥涵的服役性能。     

Using machine learning method to predict food waste in catering industry under high resolution: a case in Dongguan

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Waste classification is comprehensively carried out in China as an important national-level policy, and the large amount and the wide range of food...     

电厂烟气中二氧化碳的捕集技术

通过对传统的MEA法和ECO2技术原理以及费用的分析比较,发现ECO2技术费用低、脱除效率高,ECO2技术比MEA法更适于回收CO2,具有广泛的应用前号。     

Preparation and Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Using N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Additive

N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)formamide (HF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new additive to prepare thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite (TPS/MMT). Here, HF acted as both plasticizer for TPS and swelling agent for MMT. The hydrogen bond interaction among HF, starch and MMT was proven by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. By scanning electron microscope (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated that partially exfoliated TPS/MMT nanocomposite was formed. The crystallinity of corn starch, MMT, HF-plasticized TPS (HTPS) and TPS/MMT nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability of HTPS and TPS/MMT was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water resistance of TPS/MMT nanocomposite increased compared with that of pure HTPS. Tensile strengths of TPS/MMT nanocomposites were higher than those of HTPS, but just the reverse for elongations at break.     

Detection of phosphorus species in sediments of artificial landscape lakes in China by fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Phosphorus (P) pollution in the sediments of seven artificial landscape lakes was studied via fractionation and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy. The lake sediments accumulated significant amounts of P from supplementation with reclaimed water and from runoff from the golf course lawns. The differences in total sediment P among lakes were correlated to the varied pollution extent from the lawns. One striking feature of the artificial lake sediments was the insufficiency of NaOH-extracted Al, which plays an important role in avoiding internal P release during anoxia. Another characteristic was the dominance of orthophosphate in the NaOH-EDTA extractants of the sediments, due to the heavy external P pollution. Phytate, considered prevalent in many soils and lake sediments, as well as polyphosphates and phosphonates which have appeared in some natural lake sediments, was not detected. The rank order of present biogenic P species was monoester-P>DNA-P>pyrophosphate>lipid-P.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways

The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.     

马兰黄土对Cr(Ⅲ)吸附的试验研究

为获取马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附机制.深入完善马兰黄土除Cr(Ⅲ)的理论研究,设计了等温吸附、土柱吸附、形态提取和去方解石除Cr(Ⅲ)试验.通过对试验结果的对比分析得出,马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附作用主要为方解石水解所引起的Cr(Ⅲ)吸附沉淀反应和铁锰氧化物对Cr(Ⅲ)的表面络合反应,辅以多种矿物对Cr(Ⅲ)的阳离子交换作用;马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的等温吸附方程较符合非线性Langmuir型等温吸附方程,其吸附动力学模型较符合抛物线扩散方程.     

油田采油污泥的热解动力学及其热解效果研究

以新疆克拉玛依油田采油污泥为对象,分别采用热重分析仪和小型流化床热解反应器研究了含油污泥的热解过程及其热解效果。结果表明,油泥热解主要经历了失水、轻质组分挥发、重组分快速热解失重和缓慢失重4个阶段,热解过程基本符合一级动力学方程,提高热解的升温速率,可使油泥的最大失重速率D_max、失重速率峰值温度θ_max、升温终点的最大失重率都随之增加,表现在动力学上,反映出表观活化能和碰撞频率因子的同时升高,即提高油泥热解转化率的同时也影响了热解效率。失水油泥用流化床热解,在热解温度600℃、反应时间3 min时,油泥回收率可达到87%。     

水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的污染物排放研究

通过重庆某水泥厂的工业试验,测定了水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水厂污泥的烟气参数及污染物排放指标,分析了并行处理污泥对旋窑烟气的影响程度及各项指标之间的相关性。结果表明：①在污泥添加速率增大时,烟气流速、排气量、含氧量、空气过剩系数、HF和SO₂等排放浓度均随之增加,粉尘、NO_x排放浓度基本保持不变,HCl排放浓度下降,CO排放浓度先剧增后缓慢下降,而总烃排放浓度无明显规律;②污泥添加速率与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与排气量、含氧量与空气过剩系数、总烃浓度与SO₂排放浓度、烟气流速与总烃浓度呈显著正相关,污泥添加速率与HCl浓度、SO₂浓度与HCl浓度、NO_x与总烃浓度呈显著负相关;③烟气排放的污染物主要来自煤的燃烧,各指标之间的相关性主要表现为煤耗量增加而引起的连锁效应,但污泥本身在高温条件下燃烧产生的污染物较少,由污泥燃烧产生的污染物之间的相关性较小;④污泥添加速率达到2.4 t/h时,水泥旋窑并行处理城市污水处理厂污泥过程中所有指标均满足国家及相应的控制标准,但其参数优化及污染物控制极为复杂,该方法处理污泥需要进行深入研究才能在工业上应用。     

Study on the aerosol optical properties and their relationship with aerosol chemical compositions over three regional background stations in China

The special and temporal characteristics of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom wavelength exponent (Alpha) and their relationship with aerosol chemical compositions were analyzed by using the data of CE318 sun-photometer and aerosol sampling instruments at Lin'an, Shangdianzi and Longfengshan regional atmospheric background stations. Having the highest AOD among the three stations, Lin'an shows two peaks in a year. The AOD at Shangdianzi station shows a single annual peak with an obvious seasonal variation. The AOD at Longfengshan station has obvious seasonal variation which peaks in spring. The Alpha analysis suggests that the aerosol sizes in Lin'an, Longfengshan and Shangdianzi change from fine to coarse categories. The relationship between the aerosol optical depths of the Lin'an and Longfengshan stations and their chemical compositions is not significant, which suggests that there is not a simple linear relationship between column aerosol optical depth and the near surface chemical compositions of atmospheric aerosols. The aerosol optical depth may be affected by the chemical composition, the particle size and the shape of aerosol as well as the water vapor in the atmosphere.