川藏公路滑坡加固预应力锚索受力分析研究

以川藏公路102滑坡群滑坡处理为依托,仔细研究了滑坡体的工程地质特征。对由大型松散堆积物形成的2#滑坡锚索加固工程稳定性进行了研究,由于在2#滑坡中,滑动面和预应力锚索之间的夹角很大,作用在锚索上面的力还包括轴向拉力和侧向的弯矩和剪力。通过对力的分析和计算证明,使用梁单元来进行计算更加符合实际使用要求,因此,预应力锚索的应用不仅能够合理地改善结构的受力条件,并且能够充分地利用材料本身的强度特性,节约了工程的使用费用,具有很好的推广应用价值。     

生物炭输入对碳酸钙调控油菜生长及重金属富集的影响

采用油菜盆栽试验,研究了1%和5%水稻秸秆生物炭投加量配施碳酸钙对重金属污染的郴州和龙岩土壤的pH值、有机质、油菜可食生物量、重金属累积和富集系数等的影响.结果表明,适量生物炭输入可以促进碳酸钙的调控效果.相比对照,单施碳酸钙可提高土壤pH值,但对有机质没有显著影响.而生物炭配施比单施碳酸钙处理最大可提高土壤pH值0.66个单位,增加有机质含量223.0%.碳酸钙单施可以显著提高油菜可食部分生物量,适量配施生物炭可强化增产作用,与对照相比,郴州土壤中配施5%生物炭的强化效果最好,可提高油菜可食部分生物量36.5%;而龙岩土壤配施1%生物炭效果最好,油菜生物量提高67.4倍.在郴州和龙岩土壤中,碳酸钙单施或与生物炭配施对重金属富集的影响不同.相对而言,碳酸钙在偏酸性的龙岩土壤中配施适量生物炭可更有效地降低土壤Cd、As、Pb在油菜可食部分的富集,降低重金属从土壤向油菜的迁移.总体来看,生物炭配施碳酸钙可以较好地改良土壤、促进植物生长和减少Cd、Pb的富集.     

基于风险分析的城市防灾减灾规划编制——以地震规划为例

为减轻城市灾害损失,提出城市防灾减灾规划编制方法,将减灾规划分为准备、风险分析、编制和实施4个步骤。依据风险分析结果,制订防灾减灾规划目标、减灾措施及策略。给出典型的地震灾害风险分析方法。以某市为例,算出其各区域的地震风险。根据风险等级划分标准确定各区域的地震风险可接受水平。基于此结果在GIS平台上的表达,可知市内旧城区的地震风险很高,须立刻采取风险减缓措施。对减灾措施进行优化,结果表明:加快现有设防不足工程的抗震加固,严抓新建工程的抗震设防水准是提高该市抗震减震能力的关键。     

焊接防护具抗热穿透性能测试仪的研制

焊接防护具是指一种保护佩戴者免受由焊接或相关作业所产生的有害光辐射及其他特定有害因素的装置。它是从事焊接与热切割作业人员必备的个体防护装备。抗热穿透性能是表征焊接防护具产品质量和安全性能的最重要技术指标之一。然而,如何快速、便捷、节能、准确地对焊接防护具抗热穿透性能进行检测,是迫切需要解决的技术难题。本文在简要分析国内外眼面部防护标准中抗热穿透性能技术要求和测试方法的基础上,提出了一种测试焊接防护具抗热穿透性能的方法,并成功研制了焊接防护具抗热穿透性能测试仪。     

三氯生暴露加剧高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道和肝脏功能损伤

三氯生(triclosan,TCS)在环境中被广泛检出,已成为重要的环境污染物,且TCS暴露能够影响机体的肠道菌群组成和脂类物质代谢过程.为了探讨TCS暴露对高脂饮食(high fat diet,HFD)诱导的肝脏功能损伤的影响及其机制,C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常饮食对照组、TCS组、HFD组和HFD+TCS组;首先对TCS组和HFD+TCS组小鼠进行提前一周TCS(10μg·g-1饲料)暴露,然后再同时进行6周的TCS暴露和HFD喂养.实验结束后,利用细菌特征序列对肠道菌群进行绝对定量分析,利用苏木精-伊红染色、实时荧光定量PCR、酶联免疫吸附测定、蛋白免疫印迹和流式细胞术等试验技术检测小鼠肠道和肝脏等生理变化状况.与对照组相比,TCS暴露和高脂饮食均能明显引起肠道菌群中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门含量降低,同时引起小鼠脾脏中CD8+和CD4+T细胞比例失调,但未导致显著的肠道屏障损伤和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)异位;高脂饮食能够显著提高小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)和甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)的水平,而单独TCS暴露并没有引起明显的肝脏功能紊乱.与HFD组相比,HFD和TCS协同作用激活了小鼠肝脏中Toll样受体4(toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)炎症通路,造成小鼠肝脏炎症反应,并显著提高了小鼠ALT和AST水平,加剧了高脂饮食对小鼠肝脏功能的损伤.由此可知,TCS暴露通过引起小鼠肠道菌群紊乱和机体免疫响应,加剧高脂饮食诱导的小鼠肠道损伤和肝脏功能紊乱.     

Fabrication of highly efficient Bi2WO6/CuS composite for visible-light photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) from wastewater

• A novel Bi₂WO₆/CuS composite was fabricated by a facile solvothermal method. • This composite efficiently removed organic pollutants and Cr(VI) by photocatalysis. • The DOM could promoted synchronous removal of organic pollutants and Cr(VI). • This composite could be applied at a wide pH range in photocatalytic reactions. • Possible photocatalytic mechanisms of organic pollutants and Cr(VI) were proposed. A visible-light-driven Bi₂WO₆/CuS p-n heterojunction was fabricated using an easy solvothermal method. The Bi₂WO₆/CuS exhibited high photocatalytic activity in a mixed system containing rhodamine B (RhB), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), and Cr (VI) under natural conditions. Approximately 98.8% of the RhB (10 mg/L), 87.6% of the TCH (10 mg/L) and 95.1% of the Cr(VI) (15 mg/L) were simultaneously removed from a mixed solution within 105 min. The removal efficiencies of TCH and Cr(VI) increased by 12.9% and 20.4%, respectively, in the mixed solution, compared with the single solutions. This is mainly ascribed to the simultaneous consumption electrons and holes, which increases the amount of excited electrons/holes and enhances the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes. Bi₂WO₆/CuS can be applied over a wide pH range (2–6) with strong photocatalytic activity for RhB, TCH and Cr(VI). Coexisiting dissolved organic matter in the solution significantly promoted the removal of TCH (from 74.7% to 87.2%) and Cr(VI) (from 75.7% to 99.9%) because it accelerated the separation of electrons and holes by consuming holes as an electron acceptor. Removal mechanisms of RhB, TCH, and Cr(VI) were proposed, Bi₂WO₆/CuS was formed into a p-n heterojunction to efficiently separate and transfer photoelectrons and holes so as to drive photocatalytic reactions. Specifically, when reducing pollutants (e.g., TCH) and oxidizing pollutants (e.g., Cr(VI)) coexist in wastewater, the p-n heterojunction in Bi₂WO₆/CuS acts as a “bridge” to shorten the electron transport and thus simultaneously increase the removal efficiencies of both types of pollutants.     

超固结比对黏土热固结特性的影响研究

通过开展固结压缩试验,研究了超固结比(OCR)对海相沉积软黏土热固结特性的影响。试验结果表明:加温可能使软土发生沉降或回弹。在OCR较小的情况下,加温将使软黏土产生沉降;OCR越小,温度效应导致的沉降量越大,降温后回弹较少。在OCR较大的情况下,加温将使软土产生膨胀;降温后膨胀可部分恢复,且OCR越大恢复量越大。在此基础上,根据测试结果拟合了考虑OCR影响的热固结经验关系式。该式可用来预测不同应力状态条件下软土应变随温度变化的关系。     

深厚覆盖层中弱透水层特性对渗流场的影响

中国西部地区的深厚覆盖层坝基中常存在弱透水层,对坝基渗流场有一定影响。基于非饱和土渗流理论,借助有限元软件Seep/w建立数值模型,得出渗流量和出逸坡降,并结合2个实际工程分析弱透水层深度、厚度、连续性对渗流场的影响。结果表明,采用悬挂式防渗墙或无防渗墙时,深度越小的弱透水层控渗效果越佳;深度越大的弱透水层与防渗墙形成的半封闭式联合防渗体系,越能有效控制渗流量和抑制出逸坡降。渗流量和出逸坡降都随着弱透水层厚度的增大而降低;弱透水层厚度及连续性对采用半封闭式防渗墙控渗时的渗流场影响最大,悬挂式防渗墙次之,全封闭式防渗墙最小。渗流量和出逸坡降随上游、底端开口长度的增加而增大;渗流量随下游开口长度的增加而增大,但出逸坡降随下游开口长度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势。弱透水层的连续性对渗流场影响较小。采用半封闭式防渗墙时,渗流量和出逸坡降从高到低排序为底端开口、上游开口、下游开口。采用全封闭式防渗墙时,防渗墙承担主要的控渗任务,弱透水层的深度、厚度、连续性对渗流场的影响极小。     

城市停车场火灾风险性的评价

城市大型停车场的数量随着经济的发展在迅速增长,这些新建的停车场均向高层和地下空间发展,其投资费用都较大,一旦发生火灾,往往会造成严重的经济损失和人员伤亡事故,国内外停车场发生的一系列火灾事故充分证明了这一点.因此,对停车场进行火灾风险评价具有十分重要的意义.分析了停车场火灾的特点,并从停车场的火灾场景、发生轰燃的烟气条件、释放辐射热的大小、对面汽车被引燃的临界条件等几方面对停车场潜在的火灾风险性进行了探讨.以某地下停车场为例,对其火灾风险性进行了具体评价.     

Trace analysis of airborne toluene diisocyanate as a pentafluorobenzyl derivative by gas chromatography with electron capture detection

Trace analysis of airborne toluene diisocyanate (TDI) vapor was accomplished by measuring the derivative using gas chromatography with electron‐capture detector after collecting gas samples with a microimpinger containing 2 ml toluene, 1 μl pentafluorobenzyl alcohol, and 1 μl triethylamine. The sampling efficiency was determined to be 99.4% for short‐term exposure level of TDI and the 2,4‐ and 2,6‐isomers of TDI were well separated. The derivative was identified to be a new compound with a molecular weight of 570 by mass spectrometry in fast atomic bombardment mode and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. This method is convenient and can be applied in the field where airborne TDI is in vapor form.