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171.
Manuela C Francesco T Tiziana C Assunta C Lara S Nadia N Giorgia A Barbara S Maria F Carlotta C Valeria DG Pia SM Gianfranco T Angela S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(6):1542-1550
To evaluate exposure to benzene in urban and rural areas, an investigation into personal exposure to benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural (roadmen) male outdoor workers was carried out. Personal samples and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure personal exposure to benzene in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen. Blood benzene, urinary trans-trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured at the end of work shift in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen and 34 smoker traffic policemen, 21 police drivers and 53 roadmen. Exposure to benzene was similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers and higher among non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers; blood benzene and t,t-MA were significantly higher in non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Significant increases in t,t-MA were found in smokers vs. non-smokers. In non-smoker urban workers airborne benzene and blood benzene, and t,t-MA and S-PMA were significantly correlated. This study gives an evaluation of the exposure to benzene in an urban area, comparing people working in the street or in cars, to people working in a rural area. Benzene is a certain carcinogen for humans. The results we showed should lead to more in-depth studies about the effects on health of these categories of workers. 相似文献
172.
Sónia R. Q. Serra Ana Raquel Calapez Amaia Pérez-Bilbao Maria João Feio 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2015,187(1):1-13
Bioassessment tools should distinguish between the effects of anthropogenic degradation in communities and natural temporal changes. The present study tests the influence of natural seasonal variability on macroinvertebrate stream communities assessed by a predictive model (PORTRIV) and a multimetric index (IPtI) calibrated for spring. The scores of PORTRIV decreased significantly between spring and autumn, and between spring and winter (ca. 37 to 53 %, respectively), while those of IPtI did not change significantly between seasons. For non-reference samples, the results of the predictive model also indicate no significant differences. A correction factor (CF) was calculated to adjust the existing differences in the model assessments between seasons, based on the percentage of variation of reference site scores from spring to autumn and winter. After the application of the CF to the OE50 scores of spring reference samples, the differences were no longer significant. Independent reference validation sites confirmed this tendency. This method has the advantage of avoiding large efforts required for the construction of databases from other seasons and the development of new models to allow the assessment of streams in seasons other than spring. Further tests with models developed in regions with more marked seasonal changes should be done to confirm its wider applicability. 相似文献
173.
Maria P. Papadopoulou Emmanouil A. Varouchakis George P. Karatzas 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2010,15(5):319-328
Karst aquifers are characterized by spatial heterogeneity due to the presence of highly permeable channels and conduits in
low-permeable fractured rocks (matrix block). Recent studies have reported a close relationship between surface and subsurface
water in karstic regions due to the water flow through a complicated network of paths formed by fracture intersections. Subsurface
flow in karstified aquifers ranges between conduit flow, in large passages with relatively high flow velocities, and diffuse
flow, in the matrix block where Darcy’s law is still valid. In this paper, we present the simulation of a complex karstified
aquifer system in Crete, Greece, where the presence of main faults drastically affects the regional flow. A discrete fracture
approach in conjunction with an equivalent porous medium approach was adopted to simulate the mixed flow in the area of interest.
The simulation results have shown that the length and the orientation of the dominant faults, primarily during the rainy season,
affect the flow field. 相似文献
174.
The main objective of this work was to assess the potential use of goose barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes as biomonitor of metal contamination in northwest (NW) coast of Portugal. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were determined in coastal seawaters and tissues of P. pollicipes, which allowed establishing correlations between metals in coastal seawaters and P. pollicipes and calculating metal bioaccumulation factors (BAFs). The results of this study showed that P. pollicipes soft tissues can be used for monitoring metal contamination in these coastal seawaters: (1) there were significant correlations (p?0.05) between metals in soft tissues and their concentrations in seawaters, except for Zn (p?>?0.05); (2) soft tissues were sensitive to spatial variations of metal bioavailabilities and their concentrations ranged 0.70-2.22?mg?Cd?kg(-1), 0.49-1.40?mg?Cr?kg(-1), 1.37-2.07?mg?Ni?kg(-1), 2.4-3.3?mg?Cu?kg(-1), 5-59?mg?Mn?kg(-1), 134-578?mg?Fe?kg(-1)and 728-1,854?mg?Zn?kg(-1); (3) mean logarithmic bioaccumulation factors (log BAF) of Fe, Cd and Zn were higher, 5.57, 5.47 and 4.41, respectively, than mean log BAFs of Cr, Mn, Cu and Ni, 4.18, 4.14, 3.98 and 3.51, respectively. In contrary, P. pollicipes shell plates were not considered ideal material to monitor metal bioavailabilities in these coastal seawaters. Regarding the very high concentrations of Zn obtained in the coastal seawaters and P. pollicipes soft tissues, the NW coast of Portugal should be classified as "Class III/IV - Remarkably/Highly Polluted". 相似文献
175.
Maria das Graças Lins Brandão Gustavo Pereira Cosenza Flávia Liparini Pereira Ariela Silva Vasconcelos Christopher William Fagg 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):7013-7023
Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity. 相似文献
176.
Maria Celisa Santimano Meenal Kowshik 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7205-7214
The extensive production and usage of nanoparticles with ultimate disposal in the environment leads to unintentional exposure of non-target environmentally beneficial bacteria thereby posing a serious threat to the native soil inhabitants. Soil microflora is an important link in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients, affecting ecosystem functioning and productivity. This study evaluates the effect of one of the widely used nanoparticles, zinc oxide on two predominant soil bacteria, Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa with respect to their biocatalytic activities. Growth profiles of these bacteria in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) at a concentration of 20 ppm exhibited a prolonged lag phase in B. subtilis, whereas no significant effect was observed in the case of P. aeruginosa even at 200 ppm. Interestingly, the enzymatic profile of both the organisms was affected at non-lethal ZnONPs concentrations. The most pronounced effect was on the enzymes associated with amylolytic activity, denitrification and urea degradation wherein total inhibition of activity was noted in B. subtilis. The enzyme activities were lowered in the case of P. aeruginosa. The results presented here reiterate a critical need for exposure assessment and risk characterization of nanomaterial disposal on soil microflora while formalizing waste management strategies. 相似文献
177.
178.
179.
Joanna Kluczka Maria Zołotajkin Jerzy Ciba Magdalena Staroń 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(8):422
Inorganic aluminum ions, [Al(H2O)6]3+, [Al(OH)(H2O)5]2+, and [Al(OH)2(H2O)4]+, are toxic to a number of crops. The aim of this study was to estimate the danger of soil contamination of bioavailable aluminum and heavy metals forms because of alum sludge which was a by-product of water, and wastewater treatment technology using aluminum coagulant is introduced into the soil. Aluminum and selected heavy metal fractionation was carried out in the post-coagulation sludge collected at a water treatment plant (where aluminum was used as a coagulant), fermented sewage sludge at a municipal wastewater treatment plant (which did not apply aluminum coagulant), and soil from water treatment plant as well as the mixtures of sludge and soil. It has been found that post-coagulation sludge used as natural fertilizer is a secondary source of bioavailable aluminum, especially when aluminum coagulants are used during water and wastewater treatment. The evaluation of applicability of the sludge to very weak acidic and acidic agricultural soils was carried out. The authors shall debate the question whether, in this case, the Regulation of EU and Polish Government on sewage sludge should also take the bioavailable aluminum into account and add to the list of the elements whose allowable contents are limited. 相似文献
180.
Stefania Squadrone Livio Favaro Maria Cesarina Abete Barbara Vivaldi Marino Prearo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(4):2313-2320
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major concern in environmental studies as many of them have been labeled as probable carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1983). Due to their lipophilic properties and resistance to degradation, PAHs can accumulate in organic tissue. As a consequence, alarming concentrations of these compounds have been found in many aquatic species. The European catfish (Silurus glanis) is a top food chain predator that is considered to be a reliable bio-indicator of environmental pollution. From 2009 to 2011, 54 specimens of S. glanis were captured from four different sites covering the area of the Po River basin (Northern Italy). Fish muscles were analyzed in the laboratory to determine the levels of nine PAHs, namely naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benz[a]pyrene (BaP), which were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total average concentration of PAHs was 26.90?±?49.50 ng g?1 (min 0.60, max 275.75 ng g?1). Analysis showed that 9.20 % of the fish muscles exceeded the maximum levels of 2 ng g?1 set for BaP by European regulations (Commission Regulation (EC), 2006). Values measured for benz[a]pyrene ranged from 0.05 to 8.20 ng g?1 (mean 1.07?±?1.58 ng g?1). Chrysene and benz[a]anthracene, both considered potential human carcinogens (PAH2), were found at levels of 4.40 and 0.05 ng g?1 (mean values), respectively. The highest mean concentration was recorded for anthracene (12.92 ng g?1), which has been recently included in the list of substances of very high concern (SVHC) as reported by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA 1–9, 2009). 相似文献