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221.
DNA strand damage, using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) method, was determined in different-stage embryos of
grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) collected from surface waters of a local estuary near Savannah, Georgia, USA. Late-stage embryos collected from the estuarine
river at midday in the summer or placed in a solar simulator showed extensive DNA strand damage. The solar simulator, which
produced the total irradiance found at midday in the summer at 34°N caused DNA strand damage in embryos similar to that found
in sunlight-exposed embryos. A large increase in cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (18 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers per 1000
kilobases) were detected in DNA from the late-stage embryos exposed to the solar simulator for 1 h (solar irradiance of 126 μW
cm−2). DNA repair took place within a few hours when late-stage embryos collected at midday from the river were transferred to
the dark. Early grass-shrimp embryo stages showed no DNA strand damage either after placement in the solar simulator or when
collected at midday in the summer. This lack of solar-damaged DNA in early-stage embryos was probably due to the presence
of high concentrations of carotenoids, which can act as anti-oxidants to prevent damage from activated oxygen species produced
by cells exposed to ultraviolet light. These carotenoids are utilized by the developing embryos, and only low concentrations
of carotenoids were present in late embryo stages.
Received: 24 May 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
222.
Mitchell D. Erickson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2018,25(17):16291-16299
Disposal of carbonless copy paper (CCP) paper sludge during the 1960s contaminated a site in the USA with PCBs. Despite historic records of CCP sludge disposal and absence of evidence of any other disposal, a dispute arose among the parties over the source of the PCBs. Aroclor 1242 is well documented as the PCB mixture used in CCP, yet Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were reported by the analytical laboratory. How could the PCBs at a single, small site be reported as four different Aroclors? Some claimed that there had to be at least four Aroclors source inputs to the site. Disposal of four different Aroclors at this site would simply defy logic and the historic record. Weathering of the mixtures is part of the story. A larger issue is the conflict between the intent of the USEPA 8082 method to determine the total PCB content in environmental samples to facilitate environmental cleanup and disposal decisions within a regulatory context versus the data users’ intent to identify the PCB sources. This inappropriate extension of the data leads to erroneous conclusions. To mitigate problems like this, laboratory analysis requests need to be matched to the intended data usage; conversely, the data must not be over-interpreted beyond the limits of the method. The PCB analysis community needs to develop a better articulation of the limits of Aroclor identification for the broader community that may naïvely assume that if the laboratory reports “Aroclor 1248,” then someone must have placed Aroclor 1248 at the site. After all, when a laboratory reports “lead” or “chloroform,” those identifications are never in question. 相似文献
223.
Sulfate () concentrations and fluxes were studied for multiple storm events in the Point Peter Brook watershed, a glaciated, forested
watershed located in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed across one large (696 ha) and three small (1.6–3.4 ha)
catchments with varying extent of riparian and wetland areas. Concentrations of in groundwater sources (mean values: 238–910 μmolc L−1) were considerably greater than concentrations recorded for rainfall (60 μmolc L−1) and throughfall (72–129 μmolc L−1). Seasonality in concentrations was most pronounced for valley-bottom riparian waters with maximum concentrations in late winter–spring (February–March)
and a minimum in late summer (August). Concentrations of in wetland water were considerably less than riparian water indicating the likelihood of reduction in anoxic wetland conditions. Storm events displayed a dilution pattern in concentrations with a minimum coinciding with the maximum in throughfall contributions. End member mixing analysis (EMMA)
was able to predict the storm event concentrations of for four of the six comparisons. Concentrations of at the outlet of the large (696 ha) catchment were much greater than values recorded for the smaller catchments. Exports
of in streamflow exceeded the inputs from atmospheric deposition suggesting that watersheds like Point Peter Brook may not show
any immediate response to decreases in atmospheric deposition. 相似文献
224.
Shreeram Inamdar Julia Rupp Myron Mitchell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(6):1458-1473
Abstract: Differences in the storm‐event responses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in streamflow and ground water were evaluated for a glaciated forested watershed in western New York. Eight to ten storm events with varying rainfall amounts, intensities, and antecedent moisture conditions were studied for three catchments (1.6, 3.4, and 696 ha) over a three‐year period (2003‐2005). Concentrations of DOC in streamflow exiting the catchments were significantly higher for storm events following a dry period, whereas no similar response was observed for DON. Highest DON concentrations in streamflow were typically associated with storm events following wet antecedent moisture conditions. In addition to antecedent moisture conditions, DOC concentrations were also positively correlated with precipitation amounts, while DON did not reveal a consistent pattern. Streamwater and ground‐water concentrations of DOC during storm events were also strongly correlated with riparian ground‐water depths but a similar relationship was not observed for DON. Ground‐water DON concentrations were also more variable than DOC. We hypothesized that the differences in DOC and DON responses stemmed from the differences in catchment sources of these solutes. This study suggests that while DOC and DON are intrinsically linked as components of dissolved organic matter, their dynamics and exports from watersheds may be regulated by a different set of mechanisms and factors. Identifying these differences is critical for developing more reliable and robust models for transport of dissolved organic matter. 相似文献
225.
Andrew C. Mitchell Adrienne J. Phillips Randy Hiebert Robin Gerlach Lee H. Spangler Alfred B. Cunningham 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(1):90-99
In order to develop subsurface CO2 storage as a viable engineered mechanism to reduce the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere, any potential leakage of injected supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) from the deep subsurface to the atmosphere must be reduced. Here, we investigate the utility of biofilms, which are microorganism assemblages firmly attached to a surface, as a means of reducing the permeability of deep subsurface porous geological matrices under high pressure and in the presence of SC-CO2, using a unique high pressure (8.9 MPa), moderate temperature (32 °C) flow reactor containing 40 millidarcy Berea sandstone cores. The flow reactor containing the sandstone core was inoculated with the biofilm forming organism Shewanella fridgidimarina. Electron microscopy of the rock core revealed substantial biofilm growth and accumulation under high-pressure conditions in the rock pore space which caused >95% reduction in core permeability. Permeability increased only slightly in response to SC-CO2 challenges of up to 71 h and starvation for up to 363 h in length. Viable population assays of microorganisms in the effluent indicated survival of the cells following SC-CO2 challenges and starvation, although S. fridgidimarina was succeeded by Bacillus mojavensis and Citrobacter sp. which were native in the core. These observations suggest that engineered biofilm barriers may be used to enhance the geologic sequestration of atmospheric CO2. 相似文献
226.
Leith ID Mitchell RJ Truscott AM Cape JN van Dijk N Smith RI Fowler D Sutton MA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,155(2):237-246
The spatial relationship between the concentration and deposition of the major ions in precipitation and stemflow and their influence on the tissue nitrogen concentration of three epiphytic bryophytes on Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl. and Q. robur L. was investigated at seven UK Atlantic oak woodland sites with a range of total N deposition of 55-250mmolm(-2). The main driver of change in tissue N concentrations of three epiphytic bryophytes (Isothecium myosuroides Brid. (Eurhynchium myosuroides (Brid.) Schp.), Dicranum scoparium Hewd. and Thuidium tamariscinum (Hewd.) Schimp.) was total N deposition in stemflow, dominated by ammonium deposition. The three epiphytic species also showed strong relationships between tissue N concentration and total N deposition in rainfall but a poor correlation with total N ion concentration in rainfall. This study shows that epiphytic bryophytes utilise stemflow N and thus increase their risk from inputs of total N deposition compared to terricolous species at the same site. 相似文献
227.
Sudarshan Kurwadkar Victoria Sicking Barry Lambert Anne McFarlan Forrest Mitchell 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2013,25(2):268-273
Water quality impact due to excessive nutrients has been extensively studied. In recent years, however, micro-pollutants such as pharmaceuticals and hormonal products used in animal agriculture have added an additional impact to overall water quality. Pharmaceuticals used in the poultry, swine, beef, and dairy industries have been detected in various environmental matrices such as, soil, groundwater and surface water. In this study, 26 surface water samples were collected throughout the Bosque River Watershed (BRW) with samples representing a range of land use conditions and locations of major dairy operations. Samples were analyzed using commercially available Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay test. Of the 26 samples, three samples consistently tested positive for monensin antibiotic with concentration ranging from 0.30 to 3.41 μg/L. These three samples were collected from sites that received varying amount of agriculture wastes (11.7% to 31.3%) and located downstream from sites associated with moderate levels of animal agriculture. The preliminary results suggest that there is a potential for monensin occurrence in the BRW, although initial findings indicate only very low levels. 相似文献
228.
Leslie A. Simms Eva Borras Bradley S. Chew Bruno Matsui Mitchell M. McCartney Stephen K. Robinson Nicholas Kenyon Cristina E. Davis 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(5):135-147
Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during wildfires is imperative for environmental and health risk assessment. The use of gas sampling devices mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to chemically sample air during wildfires is of great interest because these devices move freely about their environment, allowing for more representative air samples and the ability to sample areas dangerous or unreachable by humans. This work presents chemical data from air samples obtained in Davis, CA during the most destructive wildfire in California's history - the 2018 Camp Fire – as well as the deployment of our sampling device during a controlled experimental fire while fixed to a UAV. The sampling mechanism was an in-house manufactured micro-gas preconcentrator (µPC) embedded onto a compact battery-operated sampler that was returned to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Compounds commonly observed in wildfires were detected during the Camp Fire using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS), including BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, and o-xylene), benzaldehyde, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, naphthalene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1-ethyl-3-methylbenzene. Concentrations of BTEX were calculated and we observed that benzene and toluene were highest with average concentrations of 4.7 and 15.1 µg/m3, respectively. Numerous fire-related compounds including BTEX and aldehydes such as octanal and nonanal were detected upon experimental fire ignition, even at a much smaller sampling time compared to samples taken during the Camp Fire. Analysis of the air samples taken both stationary during the Camp Fire and mobile during an experimental fire show the successful operation of our sampler in a fire environment. 相似文献
229.
Sinéad Mitchell Paul O’Dowd Aurora Dimache 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2020,13(3):159-170
ABSTRACT Public discourse frequently cites the damaging activities of large organisations on global environmental issues, but smaller organisations are rarely, if ever, featured. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) make up 99% of all businesses in the EU, cumulatively causing more industrial pollution and producing more waste than larger businesses. However, large companies are more likely to address sustainability issues than smaller ones. SMEs need help to change. In a collaborative approach, an online sustainability framework was developed to overcome the barriers contributing to the slow uptake in environmental management in SMEs. The views of owner-managers were incorporated throughout the development process. Best practice environmental tools and training were identified, which were designed in an SME-friendly way and made available online. This paper describes the development of the pilot Sustainability and Eco-Innovation (SEco) toolkit, followed by an analysis of its use. This research finds that a self-led toolkit was not enough to nudge SMEs to address environmental issues, despite being approved by owner-managers at each step. 相似文献
230.