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661.
Voluntary exercise at the expense of reproductive success in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Energy demands of gestation and lactation represent a severe challenge for small mammals. Therefore, additional energetic
burdens may compromise successful breeding. In small rodents, food restriction, cold exposure (also in combination) and wheel
running to obtain food have been shown to diminish reproductive outcome. Although exhibited responses such as lower incidence
of pregnancy, extended lactation periods and maternal infanticide were species dependent, their common function is to adjust
energetic costs to the metabolic state reflecting the trade-off between maternal investment and self-maintenance. In the present
study, we sought to examine whether voluntary exercise affects reproduction in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), which are known for their high motivation to run in a wheel. Voluntary exercise resulted in two different effects on reproduction;
in addition to increased infanticide and cannibalism, which was evident across all experiments, the results of one experiment
provided evidence that free access to a running wheel may prevent successful pregnancy. It seems likely that the impact of
voluntary wheel running on reproduction was associated with a reduction of internal energy resources evoked by extensive exercise.
Since the hamsters were neither food-restricted nor forced to run in the present study, an energetic deficit as reason for
infanticide in exercising dams would emphasise the particularly high motivation to run in a wheel. 相似文献
662.
Pytrik Reidsma Alfons Oude Lansink Frank Ewert 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):35-59
In order to assess agricultural adaptation to climate impacts, new methodologies are needed. The translog distance function
allows assessing interactions between different factors, and hence the influence of management on climate impacts. The Farm
Accountancy Data Network provides extensive data on farm characteristics of farms throughout the EU15 (i.e. the 15 member
states of the European Union before the extension in 2004). These data on farm inputs and outputs from 1990−2003 are coupled
with climate data. As climate change is not the only change affecting European agriculture, we also include effects of subsidies
and other changes on inputs and outputs of farms throughout Europe. We distinguish several regions and empirically assess
(1) climate impacts on farm inputs and outputs in different regions and (2) interactions between inputs and other factors
that contribute to the adaptation to these impacts. Changes in production can partly be related to climatic variability and
change, but also subsidies and other developments (e.g. technology, markets) are important. Results show that impacts differ
per region, and that ‘actual impacts’ cannot be explicitly separated into ‘potential impacts’ and ‘adaptive capacity’ as often
proposed for vulnerability assessment. Farmers adapt their practices to prevailing conditions and continuously adapt to changing
conditions. Therefore, ‘potential impacts’ will not be observed in practice, leaving it as a mainly theoretical concept. Factors
that contribute to the adaptation also differ per region. In some regions more fertilizers or more irrigation can mitigate
impacts, while in other regions this amplifies impacts. To project impacts of future climate change on agriculture, current
farm management strategies and their influence on current production should be considered. This clearly asks for improved
integration of biophysical and economic models. 相似文献
663.
Olivier Hatem Sander Kamel Frank Jacques-Eric Jacques Thomas Johanna Alkan Delphine Martin 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(5):619-630
Scenario-based approaches in environmental and policy assessment studies are increasingly applied within integrated assessment and modelling frameworks. The SEAMLESS project develops such an integrated framework (SEAMLESS-IF) aiming to assess, ex-ante, impacts of alternative agro-environmental policies on the sustainability of agricultural systems. A particular challenge in this context is the consistent translation of a wide range of policy questions into scenarios that a modelling framework can assess. The present work defines a methodology for scenario-development in integrated policy assessment with specific emphasis on SEAMLESS-IF. After a general overview on scenario concepts for integrated policy assessment the adopted scenario concept and its development procedure is presented. They allow building integrated scenarios capturing the range of drivers of the assessed agricultural system in a consistent way across temporal and spatial scales. Then focus is on the particular procedures to translate the policy assessment questions into scenario parameters and to implement these parameters into SEAMLESS-IF. Two examples targeted at European and regional level combining integrated assessments of policy changes and technological innovations are considered to illustrate the SEAMLESS scenario concept. We conclude that the proposed methodology to translate policy assessment problems into scenarios effectively supports integrated assessment in SEAMLESS-IF or even in other modelling frameworks. 相似文献
664.
Marine organisms are exposed to increasingly acidic oceans, as a result of equilibration of surface ocean water with rising
atmospheric CO2 concentrations. In this study, we examined the physiological response of Mytilus edulis from the Baltic Sea, grown for 2 months at 4 seawater pCO2 levels (39, 113, 243 and 405 Pa/385, 1,120, 2,400 and 4,000 μatm). Shell and somatic growth, calcification, oxygen consumption
and
\textNH4 + {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } excretion rates were measured in order to test the hypothesis whether exposure to elevated seawater pCO2 is causally related to metabolic depression. During the experimental period, mussel shell mass and shell-free dry mass (SFDM)
increased at least by a factor of two and three, respectively. However, shell length and shell mass growth decreased linearly
with increasing pCO2 by 6–20 and 10–34%, while SFDM growth was not significantly affected by hypercapnia. We observed a parabolic change in routine
metabolic rates with increasing pCO2 and the highest rates (+60%) at 243 Pa.
\textNH4 + {\text{NH}}_{4}^{ + } excretion rose linearly with increasing pCO2. Decreased O:N ratios at the highest seawater pCO2 indicate enhanced protein metabolism which may contribute to intracellular pH regulation. We suggest that reduced shell growth
under severe acidification is not caused by (global) metabolic depression but is potentially due to synergistic effects of
increased cellular energy demand and nitrogen loss. 相似文献
665.
Mooshammer M Wanek W Schnecker J Wild B Leitner S Hofhansl F Blöchl A Hämmerle I Frank AH Fuchslueger L Keiblinger KM Zechmeister-Boltenstern S Richter A 《Ecology》2012,93(4):770-782
Resource stoichiometry (C:N:P) is an important determinant of litter decomposition. However, the effect of elemental stoichiometry on the gross rates of microbial N and P cycling processes during litter decomposition is unknown. In a mesocosm experiment, beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) litter with natural differences in elemental stoichiometry (C:N:P) was incubated under constant environmental conditions. After three and six months, we measured various aspects of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. We found that gross protein depolymerization, N mineralization (ammonification), and nitrification rates were negatively related to litter C:N. Rates of P mineralization were negatively correlated with litter C:P. The negative correlations with litter C:N were stronger for inorganic N cycling processes than for gross protein depolymerization, indicating that the effect of resource stoichiometry on intracellular processes was stronger than on processes catalyzed by extracellular enzymes. Consistent with this, extracellular protein depolymerization was mainly limited by substrate availability and less so by the amount of protease. Strong positive correlations between the interconnected N and P pools and the respective production and consumption processes pointed to feed-forward control of microbial litter N and P cycling. A negative relationship between litter C:N and phosphatase activity (and between litter C:P and protease activity) demonstrated that microbes tended to allocate carbon and nutrients in ample supply into the production of extracellular enzymes to mine for the nutrient that is more limiting. Overall, the study demonstrated a strong effect of litter stoichiometry (C:N:P) on gross processes of microbial N and P cycling in decomposing litter; mineralization of N and P were tightly coupled to assist in maintaining cellular homeostasis of litter microbial communities. 相似文献
666.
González-Díaz L van den Berg F van den Bosch F González-Andújar JL 《Ecological applications》2012,22(3):982-992
Weed control through crop rotation has mainly been studied in a nonspatial context. However, weed seeds are often spread beyond the crop field by a variety of vectors. For weed control to be successful, weed management should thus be evaluated at the landscape level. In this paper we assess how seed dispersal affects the interactions between crop rotation and landscape heterogeneity schemes with regard to weed control. A spatially explicit landscape model was developed to study both short- and long-term weed population dynamics under different management scenarios. We allowed for both two- and three-crop species rotations and three levels of between-field weed seed dispersal. All rotation scenarios and seed dispersal fractions were analyzed for both completely homogeneous landscapes and heterogeneous landscapes in which more than one crop was present. The potential of implementing new weed control methods was also analyzed. The model results suggest that, like crop rotation at the field level, crop rotation implemented at the landscape level has great potential to control weeds, whereby both the number of crop species and the cropping sequence within the crop rotation have significant effects on both the short- and long-term weed population densities. In the absence of seed dispersal, weed populations became extinct when the fraction of each crop in the landscape was randomized. In general, weed seed densities increased in landscapes with increasing similarity in crop proportions, but in these landscapes the level of seed dispersal affected which three-crop species rotation sequence was most efficient at controlling the weed densities. We show that ignoring seed dispersal between fields might lead to the selection of suboptimal tactics and that homogeneous crop field patches that follow a specific crop rotation sequence might be the most sustainable method of weed control. Effective weed control through crop rotation thus requires coordination between farmers with regard to cropping sequences, crop allocation across the landscape, and/ or the fraction of each crop across the landscape. 相似文献
667.
In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as
a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination
levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic,
organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when
such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general
validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment,
three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition,
volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case
can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying
the fate of chemicals in the environment. 相似文献
668.
669.
670.
Low pO2 values have been measured in the perivitelline fluids (PVF) of marine animal eggs on several occasions, especially towards
the end of development, when embryonic oxygen consumption is at its peak and the egg case acts as a massive barrier to diffusion.
Several authors have therefore suggested that oxygen availability is the key factor leading to hatching. However, there have
been no measurements of PVF pCO2 so far. This is surprising, as elevated pCO2 could also constitute a major abiotic stressor for the developing embryo. As a first attempt to fill this gap in knowledge,
we measured pO2, pCO2 and pH in the PVF of late cephalopod (Sepia officinalis) eggs. We found linear relationships between embryo wet mass and pO2, pCO2 and pH. pO2 declined from >12 kPa to less than 5 kPa, while pCO2 increased from 0.13 to 0.41 kPa. In the absence of active accumulation of bicarbonate in the PVF, pH decreased from 7.7 to
7.2. Our study supports the idea that oxygen becomes limiting in cephalopod eggs towards the end of development; however,
pCO2 and pH shift to levels that have caused significant physiological disturbances in other marine ectothermic animals. Future
research needs to address the physiological adaptations that enable the embryo to cope with the adverse abiotic conditions
in their egg environment.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献