ANALYSIS OF LAS,ABS AND COMMERCIAL DETERGENTS BY TWO-PHASE TITRATION1

ABSTRACT: A two-phase titration method was developed and evaluated to determine the concentration of linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS), branched-chain alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), dishwashing detergents, and laundry detergents in water. This method is capable of quantitatively determining anionic surfactants in either fresh water or saline water and it is therefore superior to the widely used Methylene Blue Method. To simplify the titration method for adoptation to remote field utilization, a field test kit was developed. This test kit includes only a separatory funnel, a titration burette, a set of liquid measuring apparatus, and some chemicals. Emphasis was placed on compactness of the kit and simplicity in the test manipulation, so that its operation can be performed by relatively unskilled wastewater monitoring personnel.     

Reconstruction of 137Cs signal in Cuba using 7Be as tracer of vertical transport processes in the atmosphere

Levels of 137Cs and 7Be in aerosols have been measured in the region of Cienfuegos (Cuba) during the period 1994-1998. 137Cs showed the same seasonal trend as 7Be and the monthly regimes of precipitation seemed to be responsible for the observed pattern. The 137Cs/7Be ratio obtained in Cienfuegos and Miami (FL) in this period was used to calibrate the long-term database of 137Cs concentrations recorded in Miami (250 km from Cienfuegos). The database was then employed to reconstruct the 137Cs monthly concentrations in Cienfuegos since 1957.     

微波法复合絮凝剂PAFC-PAM的制备及脱色性能

研究了以三氯化铝,三氯化铁和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺为原料,在微波辐照下制备PAFC-PAM复合絮凝剂的工艺条件,探讨了pH值、复合絮凝剂投加量对活性染料模拟废水脱色率的影响,并考察了其对实际印染废水的处理效果。结果表明:在PAM/PAFC质量比为0.25、微波合成功率150W、微波时间3min制得的复合絮凝剂,浊度去除率为98.8%。在pH=8,投加量为42mg/L的最佳絮凝条件下,复合絮凝剂对模拟染料废水脱色率高达97%。与PAFC和PAM相比,PAFC-PAM具有较宽的pH适宜范围和较低的投加量且对实际印染废水的处理效果优于PAFC和PAM。     

PCR-DGGE技术在内源细菌选择性激活过程中的应用

分子生态学技术的发展大大促进了人们对环境中微生物群落的认识,也为研究油藏微生物群落提供了一个新的工具.在模拟油藏条件下,应用PCRDGGE技术研究激活剂的注入对油藏微生物群落结构的影响,考察了激活过程中菌群结构的变化情况.分析了常压（1 MPa）和高压（10 MPa）下内源激活DGGE条带变化,进行了激活过程中的PCR序列分析,考察了激活不同阶段中的优势菌,将优势条带序列构建系统发育树,并对激活过程中主要内源菌所在类群分析.结果表明,高压条件下,优势菌群结构与常压下差异较大,常压激活和高压激活细菌类群数量变化差异显著;激活后,优势菌的种类有所增加,群落结构也发生了变化.激活前,优势菌是芽孢杆菌,而激活剂的加入使变形菌的在种类上得到增加.     

静态顶空-气相色谱法测定水中二硫化碳

采用气相色谱法静态顶空进样,HP-1柱分离,FPD检测器检测,测定水中CS2,并对测定条件进行了探讨。实验表明,当取样量为10.0 mL,气液比为12.3,在40℃平衡25 min时,能获得满意的灵敏度,且稳定性很好。二硫化碳在0.63μg/L～502μg/L之间呈线性,相关系数为0.999 2,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.7%、加标回收率为88%～105%,检出限可达0.3μg/L。干扰试验表明硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚不干扰二硫化碳的测定。本方法操作简便,测定快速,完全能够满足快速分析水中二硫化碳的要求。     

基于D-S证据理论的飞行事故预测模型

为提高飞行事故的预测精度,提出一种基于D-S证据理论的组合预测模型.该模型分别采用时间序列、BP神经网络和最小二乘支持向量机对飞行事故率进行预测,通过对待测年份之前的飞行事故的预测误差分析,计算出相应的基本信任分配函数,并借助D-S证据理论对三种预测模型进行融合,将融合结果作为飞行事故率预测模型的权重,从而得出待测年份的飞行事故预测结果.以美国空军A类飞行事故数据对该组合模型进行验证,结果表明组合预测模型能够较准确地预测飞行事故率,且模型精度优于任何单一预测模型.     

基于物种敏感性分布的保护海水水生生物的石油烃急性毒性基准研究

溢油污染对水生生物的危害以及分散剂使用对原油毒性的影响一直是溢油应急响应及危害评估时关注的焦点。本研究收集筛选了基于标准测试方法的90组急性毒性数据(LC50/EC50),其中37组毒性数据来自15种油品的水容纳组分(water accommodated fraction,WAF),53组来自11种化学分散剂与15种油品的分散液(chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction,CEWAF),应用物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)方法推导了基于水生生物保护的石油烃总量(total petroleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的急性毒性基准值,同时还分析了分散剂和不同暴露方式对原油毒性的影响。结果显示,以名义浓度(nominal concentrations)所表示的毒性结果可能高估分散剂对原油毒性的影响,基于CEWAF和WAF的LC50/EC50所推导的有害浓度(HC5s)差异较小,计算出的保护水生生物TPH急性毒性基准值为0.38 mg·L-1(TPH);鱼类对原油污染的响应明显敏感于甲壳类;同时证明了SSD方法在溢油毒性评估及风险阈值推导中具有可行性和合理性。     

Characteristics and anthropogenic sources of carbonyl sulfide in Beijing

Atmosphericmixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in Beijingwere intensivelymeasured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximumaverage value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations (R² > 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes (ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.     

The Second Sino-FrenchWorkshop on Atmospheric Environment (Orleans, December 2010): Preface

A sound scientific understanding of the factors affecting the environment is essential to guarantee the sustainable development of the world's economic and societal activities.Many environmental issues,such as air quality and climate change are intimately linked to atmospheric chemistry and physics,therefore research in these areas is of tremendous importance.Both anthropogenic and biogenic emissions contribute greatly to the chemical composition of the atmosphere.Even though the atmosphere is a self-cleaning system through its photochemically-driven reactions,the hazardous direct impacts of primary and secondary pollutants on human health and ecosystems are observable and have been evidenced on different scales from local to global (e.g.ozone hole,climate change,air quality…).The chemical processing of the species present in the atmosphere is one of the most important players in driving the evolution of the atmosphere.     

河流横向混合系数的室内试验

本文在实验室矩形平直明渠内,对横向混合系数的公式结构进行了探讨.在室内模型内做大量的示踪试验,获得63组实验数据,在此基础上确定了关于横向混合系数的准数关系式,并对该式作了分析.由室内模型所归纳的公式和结论,可为天然顺直河流横向混合系数的确定提供参考.