危险化学品环境污染应急处置

环境污染应急处置是指在已经对污染物种类、浓度、污染范围及其危害程度做出判断的基础上,为尽快地消除污染物,限制污染范围扩大,以及减轻和消除污染危害所采取的一切措施。本文从水、大气、土壤3个方面介绍了由危险化学品引发的环境污染应急处置。     

我国实施GHS概况与企业应对GHS的措施

全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）已经在全球展开,我国也进入了实施GHS的行列,各有关部门在法规、部门规章、标准等制修订方面做了大量工作。但如何应对GHS,却是企业非常困惑的问题。通过对国家各有关部门实施GHS情况的介绍和今后国家实施GHS的思路分析。提出了企业应对GHS的措施。     

基于DEM的太湖流域水文特征提取

文章选取太湖流域作为研究对象,采用1：25万中比例尺DEM作为基础数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS地理信息系统软件进行流域水文特征提取,得到了研究区域水流流向、汇流栅格生成、河网水系、子流域边界等流域特征信息,经与标准河流水系特征对照,认为基于DEM提取的太湖流域水文特征信息是合理的,可作为基础信息,为太湖流域生态环境治理实践及理论研究提供数据支撑。     

Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms,methods and enhancements

Polluted soil and water impact the quality of food and nutrients of human and animal biota. Soil and water are mainly polluted by effluent discharges from industries, which are broadly classified into metallic and nonmetallic pollutant-bearing effluents. In order to tackle this problem, a plant-based technology called phytoremediation is used to clean contaminated lands. Phytoremediation is based upon several processes such as phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytoaccumulation and phytoextraction. These methods are efficient, eco-friendly and economic. This paper reviews the methods and mechanisms involved in phytoremediation of heavy metals, and enhancement processes.     

新的学术生长点：人口,资源,环境经济学研究

本文构造了人口、资源、环境关系的基本框架、认为：人口、资源、环境经济学研究是新的学术生长点,但目前还处在初级阶段。在方法论上,作者强调了系统方法的重要性,并提出了人口、资源、环境经济学研究值得关注的几个问题,譬如,资源环境的人口承载力问题,人口的活动方式,消费方式和生态意识问题,以及小区域的人口、资源和环境问题。     

Seed choice by rodents: learning or inheritance?

Learning plays a central role in animal life, and it has received special attention in the context of foraging. In this study, we have tested whether learning operates in seed choices by rodents using the Algerian mouse (Mus spretus) and Holm oak (Quercus ilex) acorns as a model. At the laboratory, those rodents captured in the field during the acorn fall period (experienced individuals) rejected weevil-infested acorns, presumably because of their lower energetic value. By contrast, rodents born in captivity and reared without any contact with acorns (naïves) predated weevil-infested acorns at similar rates than sound ones. After exposing naïves to infested and sound acorns during 15 days, they rejected infested acorns as the experienced individuals. In the field, predation on weevil-infested acorns was lower than on sound ones. Predation rates on infested acorns were lowest at the end of the acorn fall season, whereas predation rates of sound acorns increased along the same period. This might be explained by the improved ability to reject infested acorns because of the accumulated experience acquired by the initially naïve rodents along the acorn fall season. We show that learning shapes strongly seed choices by rodents, and it may be advantageous over inherited behaviors in variable unpredictable situations, such as acorn infestation rates that vary strongly between years and trees. We consider that the role of learning has to be taken into account in future studies on seed predation by rodents.     

固定床三维电极反应器深度处理炼油废水

以不锈钢板为阴阳主电极,以柱状活性炭为感应粒子电极,构建固定床三维电极反应器, 并用其深度处理炼油废水。考察了施加电压、水力停留时间、废水pH和曝气量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,在施加电压10 V、水力停留时间60 min、废水pH=7.0、曝气量120 L/h的优化工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD=27.1 mg/L,满足“超滤—反渗透”单元对进水COD的要求（COD<30.0 mg/L）。     

Parabens abatement from surface waters by electrochemical advanced oxidation with boron doped diamond anodes

The removal efficiency of four commonly-used parabens by electrochemical advanced oxidation with boron-doped diamond anodes in two different aqueous matrices, namely ultrapure water and surface water from the Guadiana River, has been analyzed. Response surface methodology and a factorial, composite, central, orthogonal, and rotatable (FCCOR) statistical design of experiments have been used to optimize the process. The experimental results clearly show that the initial concentration of pollutants is the factor that influences the removal efficiency in a more remarkable manner in both aqueous matrices. As a rule, as the initial concentration of parabens increases, the removal efficiency decreases. The current density also affects the removal efficiency in a statistically significant manner in both aqueous matrices. In the water river aqueous matrix, a noticeable synergistic effect on the removal efficiency has been observed, probably due to the presence of chloride ions that increase the conductivity of the solution and contribute to the generation of strong secondary oxidant species such as chlorine or HClO/ClO ⁻. The use of a statistical design of experiments made it possible to determine the optimal conditions necessary to achieve total removal of the four parabens in ultrapure and river water aqueous matrices.

     

Phytotoxicity of 15 common pharmaceuticals on the germination of Lactuca sativa and photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Pharmaceuticals reach terrestrial environments through the application of treated wastewaters and biosolids to agricultural soils. We have investigated the toxicity of 15 common pharmaceuticals, classified as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), blood lipid-lowering agents, β-blockers and antibiotics, in two photosynthetic organisms. Twelve pharmaceuticals caused inhibitory effects on the radicle and hypocotyl elongation of Lactuca sativa seeds. The EC₅₀ values obtained were in the range of 170–5656 mg L⁻¹ in the case of the radicle and 188–4558 mg L⁻¹ for the hypocotyl. Propranolol was the most toxic drug for both root and hypocotyl elongation, followed by the NSAIDs, then gemfibrozil and tetracycline. Other effects, such as root necrosis, inhibition of root growth and curly hairs, were detected. However, even at the highest concentrations tested (3000 mg L⁻¹), seed germination was not affected. NSAIDs decreased the photosynthetic yield of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but only salicylic acid showed EC₅₀ values below 1000 mg L⁻¹. The first effects detected at low concentrations, together with the concentrations found in environmental samples, indicate that the use of biosolids and wastewaters containing pharmaceuticals should be regulated and their compositions assessed in order to prevent medium- and long-term impacts on agricultural soils and crops.

     

The Trifinio Region: a case study of transboundary forest change in Central America

Strategic planning to increase forest cover in Central American transboundary areas of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor requires understanding land-cover and land-use change trends and drivers. We estimated forest cover change from remotely sensed land-cover and land-use classifications from 1986, 2001, and 2010, in the tri-national Trifinio Region, bordering El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Our analysis spanned subnational, national, regional, and protected border areas. We determined correlations with direct drivers of deforestation, developing a multilevel linear regression model. Higher population density significantly correlated with deforestation; coffee, agroforestry, and pasture replaced forests. The tri-national park retained forests compared to neighboring areas, but additionality requires more research. The literature on drivers suggests similar processes and factors in other tropical regions. Forest cover governance efficacy is highly variable. Results indicate relationship between governance and forest cover though more comprehensive understanding of this complex region is needed to determine their causality.