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141.
Ann Hedlund Author Vitae Mattias Åteg Author VitaeAuthor Vitae Gunnar Rosén Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(2):145-151
Problem
Workers' motivation to actively take part in improvements to the work environment is assumed to be important for the efficiency of investments for that purpose. That gives rise to the need for a tool to measure this motivation.Method
A questionnaire to measure motivation for improvements to the work environment has been designed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the domains of the questionnaire have been measured, and the factorial structure has been explored, from the answers of 113 employees.Results
The internal consistency is high (0.94), as well as the correlation for the total score (0.84). Three factors are identified accounting for 61.6% of the total variance.Discussion
The questionnaire can be a useful tool in improving intervention methods.Impact on Industry
The expectation is that the tool can be useful, particularly with the aim of improving efficiency of companies' investments for work environment improvements. 相似文献142.
A.E. af Wåhlberg Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(4):381-383
Problem
Studies on individual differences in traffic safety report differently on their methodologies, and use different statistics, and these are therefore difficult to compare and meta-analyze.Method
Based upon a previous, extensive review and meta-analysis of the traffic safety literature, several recommendations are made about what features of the methodology of studies on individual differences (including evaluations) in safety need to be reported to facilitate interpretation and meta-analysis. Similarly, some basic types of statistical values are recommended.Impact on Industry
The accumulation of knowledge about individual differences in traffic safety would be facilitated if scientific authors and journals adhered to these guidelines. 相似文献143.
A.E. af Wåhlberg Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(4):331-338
Introduction
Offending drivers are often re-educated, but these courses have seldom been shown to have any safety effects.Method
An on-line improvement course for offending drivers below the age of 25 was evaluated with several driver inventories.Results
The drivers reported higher levels of aggression, stress, sensation seeking, drunk driving, and driving violations, six months after the course than before. However, these levels were lower than those of controls, indicating that the initially low levels for the education group were due to socially desirable responding, as measured by a lie scale, an effect that waned after the course.Discussion
The results can be interpreted as a positive effect of the education, although this conclusion is tentative and not in agreement with all effects in the data.Impact on industry
The results are in disagreement with previous evaluation studies using the same or similar instruments, and show the need to include controls for social desirability in self-report studies. 相似文献144.
Charles M. Farmer Author Vitae Bevan B. Kirley Author VitaeAuthor Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(1):39-2367
Objectives
The objective was to determine if teenage driving behavior improves when a monitoring and feedback device is installed in the teen's vehicle.Methods
Vehicles of 85 teenage drivers were fit with a device that detected all instances of sudden braking/acceleration, speeding, and nonuse of seat belts. Drivers were assigned randomly to one of four research groups, differing in whether or not an alert sounded in the vehicle and whether or not parents were given access to websites containing notification records. Time trends in event rates per mile traveled were compared using Poisson regression.Results
Seat belt use improved when violations were reported to the parent websites, and improved even more when in-vehicle alerts were activated. Consistent reductions in speeding were achieved only when teenagers received alerts about their speeding behavior, believed their speeding behavior would not be reported to parents if corrected, and when parents were being notified of such behavior by report cards.Conclusions
Electronic monitoring of teenage drivers can reduce the incidence of risky behavior, especially seat belt nonuse. More complicated behavior is more difficult to change, however.Impact on Industry
Parent participation is key to successful behavioral modification, but it is yet to be determined how best to encourage such participation. 相似文献145.
This paper presents an air-quality surveillance system designed to detect the occurrence of air pollutant concentrations greater
than a reference level in an urban area. The system is integrated by an air-quality monitoring network and atmospheric dispersion
models simulations. An objective methodology to design an urban air-quality monitoring network is proposed. This methodology
is based on the analysis of air-quality modelling results. The procedure is applied to design an air-quality monitoring network
to control NO
x
concentration levels in Buenos Aires City. Results indicate that six monitors will detect the occurrence of concentration
greater than the air-quality guidelines with an efficiency of about 67%. Once a violation is detected, results of atmospheric
dispersion models will help in the determination of affected areas. Four possible examples are included to illustrate the
assistance that the results of atmospheric dispersion models can bring to a better estimation of possible affected areas in
the city. Combining these results with the last census data, an estimation of the inhabitants possibly exposed is obtained. 相似文献
146.
Fiona HaighAuthor Vitae Patrick HarrisAuthor Vitae Neil HaighAuthor Vitae 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):66-72
In this article, we provide a critical review of the place of paradigm in health impact assessment (HIA) research and practice. We contend that most HIA practitioners have given insufficient attention to paradigm positioning when developing and applying HIA methodologies and that some concerns about current HIA practice can be attributed to this. We review HIA literature to assess the extent and nature of attention given to paradigm positioning and these related concerns. We then respond to our critique by exploring the implications, opportunities and challenges of adopting a critical realist paradigm, which we believe has the potential to help HIA practitioners to develop HIA methodology in a way that addresses these issues. 相似文献
147.
Amos A. de JongAuthor Vitae Piety R. RunhaarAuthor Vitae 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2012,33(1):23-31
A growing number of low and middle income nations (LMCs) have adopted some sort of system for environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, generally many of these EIA systems are characterised by a low performance in terms of timely information dissemination, monitoring and enforcement after licencing. Donor actors (such as the World Bank) have attempted to contribute to a higher performance of EIA systems in LMCs by intervening at two levels: the project level (e.g. by providing scoping advice or EIS quality review) and the system level (e.g. by advising on EIA legislation or by capacity building). The aims of these interventions are environmental protection in concrete cases and enforcing the institutionalisation of environmental protection, respectively. Learning by actors involved is an important condition for realising these aims. A relatively underexplored form of learning concerns learning at EIA system-level via project level donor interventions. This ‘indirect’ learning potentially results in system changes that better fit the specific context(s) and hence contribute to higher performances. Our exploratory research in Ghana and the Maldives shows that thus far, ‘indirect’ learning only occurs incidentally and that donors play a modest role in promoting it. Barriers to indirect learning are related to the institutional context rather than to individual characteristics. Moreover, ‘indirect’ learning seems to flourish best in large projects where donors achieved a position of influence that they can use to evoke reflection upon system malfunctions. In order to enhance learning at all levels donors should thereby present the outcomes of the intervention elaborately (i.e. discuss the outcomes with a large audience), include practical suggestions about post-EIS activities such as monitoring procedures and enforcement options and stimulate the use of their advisory reports to generate organisational memory and ensure a better information dissemination. 相似文献
148.
Jurate KumpieneAuthor Vitae Ryan RobinsonAuthor Vitae 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(1):18-25
Carbon in waste can occur as inorganic (IC), organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) each having distinct chemical properties and possible environmental effects. In this study, carbon speciation was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical degradation tests and the standard total organic carbon (TOC) measurement procedures in three types of waste materials (bottom ash, residual waste and contaminated soil). Over 50% of the total carbon (TC) in all studied materials (72% in ash and residual waste, and 59% in soil) was biologically non-reactive or EC as determined by thermogravimetric analyses. The speciation of TOC by chemical degradation also showed a presence of a non-degradable C fraction in all materials (60% of TOC in ash, 30% in residual waste and 13% in soil), though in smaller amounts than those determined by TGA. In principle, chemical degradation method can give an indication of the presence of potentially inert C in various waste materials, while TGA is a more precise technique for C speciation, given that waste-specific method adjustments are made. The standard TOC measurement yields exaggerated estimates of organic carbon and may therefore overestimate the potential environmental impacts (e.g. landfill gas generation) of waste materials in a landfill environment. 相似文献
149.
Mary Anne McDonald Author Vitae Hester J. Lipscomb Author Vitae Author Vitae Judith Glazner Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(1):53-61
Problem
Construction risk management is challenging.Method
We combined data on injuries, costs, and hours worked, obtained through a Rolling Owner-Controlled Insurance Program (ROCIP), with data from focus groups, interviews, and field observations, to prospectively study injuries and hazard control on a large university construction project.Results
Lost-time injury rates (1.0/200,000 hours worked) were considerably lower than reported for the industry, and there were no serious falls from height. Safety was considered in the awarding of contracts and project timeline development; hazard management was iterative. A top-down management commitment to safety was clearly communicated to, and embraced by, workers throughout the site.Discussion and Impact
A better understanding of how contracting relationships, workers' compensation, and liability insurance arrangements influence safety could shift risk management efforts from worker behaviors to a broader focus on how these programs and relationships affect incentives and disincentives for workplace safety and health. 相似文献150.
Kathleen F. Carlson Author Vitae Susan G. Gerberich Author Vitae Author Vitae Ann S. Masten Author Vitae Author Vitae John M. Shutske Author Vitae Author Vitae Colleen M. Renier Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2009,40(2):97-103