高温烟气静电除尘中试试验研究

为了研究在宽间距静电除尘器内部流动的大流量高温烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,基于CFB锅炉中试试验平台设计并搭建了高温静电除尘中试装置.试验了板间距300mm、最高温度达到1020K的实际烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,获得了放电电压、温度和烟气流速等关键因素对颗粒物的静电捕集的影响规律.实验结果表明,高温静电除尘器中烟气流速为0.3m/s,温度为1020K下达到了82.2%的除尘效率,证实了针对实际高温烟气,静电除尘器有较好的颗粒捕集效果.通过对比563K到1020K下的热态试验以及常温下的冷态试验,发现颗粒捕集效率随温度的上升迅速降低,这与高温下流速的上升、放电电压的降低以及气体黏性的增加有关.     

基于烟道喷射蒸发的脱硫废水处理数值模拟研究

针对脱硫废水在烟道内的喷射过程,通过计算流体动力学（CFD）进行数值模拟,研究了烟气性质与操作参数对废水蒸发过程的影响.结果表明：随着烟气温度的升高,液滴蒸发时间逐渐降低,完全蒸干距离缩短;当烟气流速增加,蒸发时间逐渐减小,但完全蒸干距离先减少后增加,流速为5m/s时,废水液滴的完全蒸干距离最近;随着液滴粒径的增加,液滴的完全蒸发时间明显变长,流场内相对低温区域范围扩大;当喷射速度由20m/s升高至60m/s过程中蒸发时间由约0.21s下降至0.16s,但随烟气流速增加,其减少蒸发时间的作用减弱.该模拟结果可以为废水烟道喷射技术的相关工程应用提供优化设计方案和运行指导.     

海底重燃油对海胆繁殖及其子代发育的影响

利用室内流水式粘油砾石柱模拟实际环境中的海底重燃油,研究了重燃油污染的孔隙水对成年海胆繁殖力、配子质量及子代胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,暴露结束后（7d）,暴露组海胆的排配子率显著降低（P=0.033）,同时雌海胆繁殖力也显著降低（P=0.036,（1957917±811471）个卵细胞）;卵细胞的直径和精子的受精能力并未受到海底重燃油的影响.子代继续暴露48h,发现亲代暴露加剧了子代胚胎畸形程度,表明亲代暴露的毒性可传递给子代.进一步利用整合毒性指数（ITI）检测毒性传递的性别差异发现,与母本效应相比（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.54~1.45和1.1~2.57）,父本效应（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.82~1.95和1.89~4.04）在毒性传递过程中起着关键作用.     

Effect of air-exposed biocathode on the performance of a Thauera-dominated membraneless single-chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC)

To investigate the effect of air-exposed biocathode(AEB) on the performance of singlechamber microbial fuel cell(SCMFC), wastewater quality, bioelectrochemical characteristics and the electrode biofilms were researched. It was demonstrated that exposing the biocathode to air was beneficial to nitrogen removal and current generation. In Test 1 of 95%AEB, removal rates of ammonia, total nitrogen(TN) and chemical oxygen demand(COD)reached 99.34% ± 0.11%, 99.34% ± 0.10% and 90.79% ± 0.12%, respectively. The nitrogen removal loading rates were 36.38 g N/m~3/day. Meanwhile, current density and power density obtained at 0.7 A/m3 and 104 m W/m~3 respectively. Further experiments on opencircuit(Test 2) and carbon source(Test 3) indicated that this high performance could be attributed to simultaneous biological nitrification/denitrification and aerobic denitrification, as well as bioelectrochemical denitrification. Results of community analysis demonstrated that both microbial community structures on the surface of the cathode and in the liquid of the chamber were different. The percentage of Thauera, identified as denitrifying bacteria, maintained at a high level of over 50% in water, but decreased gradually in the AEB. Moreover, the genus Nitrosomonas, Alishewanella, Arcobacter and Rheinheimera were significantly enriched in the AEB, which might contribute to both enhancement of nitrogen removal and electricity generation.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

基于CMAQ与前馈神经网络的区域大气污染物浓度快速响应模型

建立大气污染可控源排放-复合污染水平的函数关系,实现给定排放情景下环境污染物浓度的实时响应,是大气污染物浓度预测与减排效果评估等的重要技术前提.本研究对污染物浓度影响因子变化空间进行拉丁超立方采样,使用CMAQ区域多尺度空气质量模型的预测值作为输入数据,通过前馈神经网络模型构建基于统计机器学习的长三角区域污染物浓度快速响应模型.结果表明经过模型结构选择与参数调整,基于前馈神经网络的快速响应模型能够快速准确还原出不同减排情景下长三角区域PM_(2.5)浓度的预测值.外部验证情景下相关系数CORR达到0.999以上,MB与ME均值达到了-0.046μg·m~(-3)和0.6162μg·m~(-3),实现了比RSM更加快速与准确的预测,不同时段与不同污染物浓度的准确预测则验证了其普适性.     

海坛岛群综合承载力分区评价

以海坛岛及周边岛屿为研究对象,构建基于生态环境保护-社会经济发展双导向的岛群综合承载力评价指标体系,采用遥感影像解译和GIS综合评价方法,评价岛群综合承载力的空间分布状况,将研究区划分为较高承载区域、中等承载区域、低承载区域。结果表明:在研究区范围内,较高承载区域占38.66%,大部分分布在海坛岛中部和近岸海域;中等承载区域占53.81%,分布在海坛岛南部及周边海域;低承载区域占7.53%,分布在南部岛群、东庠岛近岸海域。从可持续发展角度区域开发中应科学合理地维护林地、湿地等重要生态源地的系统性与联系性,从宏观尺度上应引导城镇聚集并对城镇化的不良后果予以积极预防和有效调控,从而降低城镇化的生态风险,提高综合承载能力。     

和田市城区PM2.5化学组成特征及来源分析

为了解中国极干旱区域和田市城区大气PM_2.5的组成特征及污染水平,于2014年1-12月采集和田市城区大气PM_2.5样品,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、离子色谱仪（IC）、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）及元素分析仪分析其中PAHs（多环芳烃）、金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC（有机碳）和EC（元素碳）等化学组分.结果表明,采样期间和田市城区大气PM_2.5质量浓度年均值为（770.11±568.01）μg/m3,呈夏季最高、冬季最低趋势;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC、∑₁₆ PAHs（总多环芳烃）分别占PM_2.5质量浓度的15.292%、9.789%、4.246%、0.331%、0.015%.利用PMF（正交矩阵因子分解法）分别对PM_2.5中PAHs和金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC进行来源解析表明,PAHs主要来源为煤和汽油燃烧排放（13.91%）、生物质燃烧（33.98%）、天然气燃烧（52.11%）;金属元素、水溶性无机离子、OC、EC的主要来源为土壤尘（56.49%）、油类燃烧（25.49%）、机动车排放（10.09%）、燃煤及生物质燃烧（7.93%）.研究显示,采样期间沙尘对和田市城区大气PM_2.5组成影响较大,是该地区大气污染来源的主要因素.      

城区大气污染物—NOx浓度预测预报模式研究

利用道路边大气污染的常年监测数据，对风向与无限线源成任意角的高斯内插大气扩散模式进行了系统测试，分析了影响预报精度的主要因素，在分析武汉市气象因素和天气状况的基础上，对模式进行了恰当地修正，经实测数据验证，预报准确度有了明显地提高。     

电选法回收利用废印刷线路板

废印刷线路板含有多种有价值的物质,随意丢弃或处理处置方法不当既污染环境,又造成资源流失。采用剪切式破碎和电力分选技术对废印刷线路板的机械分离进行了研究。结果表明,电选法可以实现废印刷线路板中金属和玻璃纤维、树脂的分离;在实验的粒径范围内(-14+20目到-120+200目分为5个粒径级别),金属主要集中在-20+120目粒级范围内,且该粒级范围分选效果最好。