绿色生产力:一个亚洲可持续发展的手段

绿色生产力的概念是由亚洲生产力组织(APO)提出的.绿色生产力是一种提高生产率和环境性能的战略.它的目的是要确保社会-经济的均衡发展,使得人类生活质量能够可持续性改善.在提高获利性和竞争优势的同时,运用适当的生产力与环境管理手段、技术和工艺,能够降低团体活动、产品和服务所造成的环境影响.利益相关者群体(包括政府、工业界和学术界)提出了改革建议,就是希望能够得到更大的可持续能力.     

Variation in estrogenic activity among fractions of a commercial nonylphenol by high performance liquid chromatography

Estrogenic activity by recombinant yeast screen assay of the commercial NP was considerably higher when compared with that of n-nonylphenol (n-NP). Fractionation of the commercial NP by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) afforded seven isomers: 4-(1,3-dimethyl-1-propyl-butyl)-phenol, 4-(1,1,3-trimethyl-hexyl)-phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethyl-3-ethyl-pentyl)-phenol, 4-(1,1,4-trimethyl-hexyl)-phenol, 4-(1-methyl-1-propyl-pentyl)-phenol, 4-(1,1,2-trimethyl-hexyl)-phenol and 4-(1-ethyl-1-methyl-hexyl)-phenol. The structures of these isomers were determined by GC-MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). All of these isomers possessed tertiary alpha-carbon in their chemical structures. Another tertiary NP, 4-(1,1-dimethyl-heptyl)-phenol was synthesized in the present study and this synthetic NP also exhibited the estrogenic activity. One fractionated compound was identified as one of decylphenol, 4-(1-ethyl-1,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl)-phenol. The isomer, 4-(1,1,4-trimethyl-hexyl)-phenol exhibited the highest estrogenic activity corresponding to 1/10000 that of 17beta-estradiol (E2). The activity of n-NP was the least. This suggests that it may be possible to develop a technical NP mixture with relatively low estrogenic activity.     

Thermal degradation of fluorotelomer treated articles and related materials

This study reports the first known studies to investigate the thermal degradation of a polyester/cellulose fabric substrate ("article") treated with a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer under laboratory conditions conservatively representing typical combustion conditions of time, temperature, and excess air level in a municipal incinerator, with an average temperature of 1000 degrees C or greater over approximately 2s residence time. The results demonstrate that the polyester/cellulose fabric treated with a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer is destroyed and no detectable amount of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is formed under typical municipal incineration conditions. Therefore, textiles and paper treated with such a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer disposed of in municipal waste and incinerated are expected to be destroyed and not be a significant source of PFOA in the environment.     

Real-time-monitored decrease of trichlorophenol as a dioxin surrogate in flue gas using iron oxide catalyst

The decrease of trichlorophenol by injecting oxidation catalyst into a municipal solid waste incinerator was monitored in real time. Direct sampling atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) was used for the real-time monitoring. The oxidation catalyst was iron oxide type, which exponentially reduced trichlorophenol emission. CO emission, however, did not show any correlation with the catalyst injection rate. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) suggested that real-time monitoring of trichlorophenol as a surrogate of PCDDs/PCDFs, has a potential to timely control the optimum injection rate of PCDD/PCDF suppression catalyst continuously and economically.     

Distribution,life history,and production of three species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neomysis</Emphasis> in Akkeshi-ko estuary,northern Japan

Spatial and seasonal distribution pattern, life history and production of three species of Neomysis (Mysidacea) which commonly occur in northwestern subarctic Pacific coastal waters, were investigated throughout the year in the Akkeshi-ko estuary, northern Japan. The most abundant species Neomysis awatschensis (annual mean density: 179.8 inds. m⁻², biomass: 108.8 mg DW m⁻²) occurred at the inner part of the estuary including low salinity areas with no clear preference for the seagrass bed. The second most abundant Neomysis mirabilis (mean density: 95.8 inds. m⁻², biomass: 90.1 mg DW m⁻²) occurred at relatively saline seagrass site throughout the year. Occurrence of Neomysis czerniawskii in the estuary was limited to the seagrass bed during summer when their population mainly consisted of juveniles, suggesting that this species is a seasonal migrant between the estuary and the marine environment. Both N. awatschensis and N. mirabilis populations were composed of two generation types, a larger sized overwintering and smaller sized spring/summer generations; however, each species had a different reproductive strategy. N. awatschensis was characterized by fast growth to maturity at a smaller size than N. mirabilis with a relatively high fecundity during warm season, suggesting that this species is an r-strategist which can utilize opportunistically a wide variety of habitats. In contrast, the seagrass bed resident N. mirabilis was a K-strategist which matures at a larger size producing fewer but larger offspring. The annual production of N. awatschensis (0.57–0.70 g DW m⁻², mean of the whole estuary) and N. mirabilis (0.58–0.68 g DW m⁻², mean of the seagrass bed) at their respective habitats was comparable. Consequently, species-specific life history and distribution pattern are concluded to allow Neomysis spp. to coexist in the estuary and the high carrying capacity of seagrass bed is suggested to contribute to maintain their high biomass level.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and persistent organochlorines in Japanese human adipose tissues

The present study determined concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and persistent organochlorines (OCs) in Japanese human adipose tissues collected during 2003–2004. Concentrations of PBDEs in adipose tissues were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of OCs. However, observed PBDE congener levels in this study were relatively higher than those in Japanese human adipose tissues collected during 2000 reported previously, while OC levels were comparable to those in specimens collected during 1999 reported by our group. In addition, no age-dependent accumulation of PBDEs was observed, while OC levels except chlordane compounds increased with age. These results indicate recent human exposure to PBDEs in Japan. Among PBDE congeners accumulated in Japanese adipose tissues, BDE-153 was dominant, but this trend was different from those in human milk (BDE-47) and blood (BDE-209) reported previously in Japan, implying the congener-specific kinetics in human bodies. The significant positive correlations between PBDEs and OCs were observed in Japanese adipose tissues, indicating the similar exposure route of these contaminants for Japanese citizens, probably via fish intake.     

Fluorinated alkyl compounds including long chain carboxylic acids in wild bird livers from Japan

A wide range of fluorinated alkyl compounds (FACs) has been reported in wildlife in various locations in the world. However, such information regarding Japanese wildlife is rarely found. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of 21 FACs, including perfluorinated alkyl sulfonates (PFASs), perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs), and fluorotelomer acids, in the livers of 10 wild bird species from two regions in northern Japan. To avoid interferences, FACs were quantified by a recently developed method using acetonitrile and solid-phase extraction followed by an ion exchange HPLC column separation. Apart from perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which was found at the highest levels of all the compounds detected, several long chain perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) from C8 to C16, particularly perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) and perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA), were detected for the first time. Additionally, 7:3 FTCA, a fluorotelomer acid, was also detected in most swan livers from Miyagi prefecture and all the birds from Tochigi prefecture. However, none of the sulfonamides and unsaturated telomer acids were detected in any species. Swans seem to be the least exposed wild birds to FACs among the investigated birds, signifying that feeding habits may reflect FAC accumulation in wild birds. The highest total concentration of detected FACs was 405 ng g⁻¹ wet wt., which was found in a Japanese sparrowhawk, indicating that the top predatory wild birds can accumulate several long chain carboxylic acids. However, the current FAC concentrations found in livers may suggest that these compounds alone would not cause a severe toxic effect in these species.     

Improved preparation of recycled polymers in chemical recycling of fiber-reinforced plastics and molding of test product using recycled polymers

We examined an improved preparation method of recycled unsaturated polyester resin from recovered monomeric materials obtained from the depolymerization of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs). The formation of unsaturated polyester progressed smoothly in the presence of catalytic amounts of Ca(OAc)₂ and Ti(OBu)₄. The quality of the resin was estimated by the durometer hardness test. The strength test of FRP board prepared from recycled resin showed sufficient hardness for practical use (about 94% of the tensile strength of new resin). We examined the recycled resin by using it to mold successfully an actual test product.