金鱼藻与铜绿微囊藻共生情况下的化感作用

研究了金鱼藻(Ceratophfllum demersum)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共生时二者之间的相互作用.通过追踪测定铜绿微囊藻的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度、藻胆蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,研究了金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用机制,以及铜绿微囊藻对金鱼藻生长的胁迫.结果表明,金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,作用96 h后藻细胞完全死亡;排除营养和光的竞争影响,认为抑制作用主要是由化感作用引起的.培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻叶绿索a和藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白)都有不同程度的损伤;作用末期,藻蓝蛋白的损伤程度最大,叶绿素a次之.藻细胞SOD活性以及MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势.铜绿微囊藻对金鱼藻也有一定胁迫作用,使其生长量减少,叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量降低.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

放射性污染植物修复中超富集植物的数值评价

目前超富集植物在放射性污染植物修复评价体系中还没有明确的核素富集量限定值,借鉴辐射环境评价方式,明确放射性污染低剂量概念,推算达干预水准时的植物富集系数,结合放射性废物管理规定,计算富集系数应达到的水平,提出了重要核素的超富集植物评价的新的量值概念;建立修复年限模式,讨论了一定生物量和生物富集系数对修复年限的影响。结果表明,根据上述因素导出的各重要核素的超富集植物最低富集系数略有不同,分别是Cs-137:0.70、Sr-90:0.86、Co-60:2.89、Pu-239:0.26、Am-241:0.21、Cm-244:0.12、U-235:0.18、U-238:0.052。良好的超富集植物,其富集系数应再提高一个数量级。     

废水生物脱氮除磷工艺技术经济比较分析

生物脱氮除磷工艺的选择,应根据实际情况经技术经济比较后确定.对A2/O工艺、OCO工艺、CAST工艺、UNITANK工艺及BICT工艺进行了技术经济比较分析,认为在当今污水处理要求愈加严格的情况下,应优先选用高效能、低能耗、低投资及占地少、操作管理方便的处理工艺.     

电特大舰船电磁环境的并行多层快速多极子研究

针对舰船目标尺寸巨大、形状复杂、电磁设备繁多的特点,选取并行多层快速多极子技术来模拟仿真其电磁环境.讨论了多层快速多极子技术并行化的难点及其解决方案.在北京理工大学电磁仿真中心的并行计算平台上,成功模拟仿真了尺寸达到540个电波长的舰船模型的电磁环境.计算了复杂结构舰船上任意激励源对舰船电磁环境的影响.以两个金属槽间的相互作用为例,分析了存在任意激励时源场的相互作用.     

非金属材料在两种温度下乙醛脱气的数学规律

以一种常用的非金属材料--舱室用长效防腐涂料作为实验样品,密封于实验箱中,在不同的温度条件下脱气,应用转化/气相色谱法在90 d的时间内对脱出的乙醛浓度进行连续测试,并作拟合与回归曲线,得到变化规律.     

膜生物反应器对白斑综合症病毒的去除研究

研究了不同孔径的膜生物反应器对游离白斑综合症病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)的截留效果,对不同膜生物反应器的进水、上清液、出水进行荧光定量PCR检测.结果表明,0.45 μm孔径的膜组件对磷酸缓冲液中WSSV的去除量仅0.6 lg;0.22 μm孔径的膜对WSSV病毒的去除量为1.18 lg;0.1 μm孔径的膜对WSSV的去除量为5.5 lg.进一步研究表明,在养殖废水中添加游离的WSSV时,随着时间的延长,膜组件的生物样物质对WSSV去除起了重要的作用;孔径为0.45 μm的膜生物反应器,对WSSV的去除量也达到5.35 lg;3种不同孔径膜生物反应器中运行12h后,对WSSV的去除率并没有显著差异.     

自反应性化学物质热危险性综合评估

自反应性化学物质热危险性评估的关键在于表征参数的选择和量化,单一的评估参数往往仅表征其热危险性的某一方面。综合考虑自反应性物质发生热分解反应的难易程度及其造成后果的严重程度两个方面,分别选取放热反应初始温度(To)和反应热(-ΔH)作为相应的表征参数,通过半正态分布函数对这两个指标进行标准化处理。在此基础上根据风险的定义提出了一种新的自反应性化学物质的热危险性综合评估指数(THI指数),并建立相应的热危险性分级标准,对自反应性化学物质的热危险性进行综合评估与分级。结果表明,建立的THI指数所确定的热危险性分级结果与基于活化能和最大绝热温度的RHI指数的反应危险性等级基本一致,该指数能够对自反应性化学物质的热危险性进行定量评估。     

基于新型拓扑指数的咪唑类离子液体捕集CO2性能预测

大量温室气体CO_2的存在严重影响环境,而咪唑型离子液体具有独特的气体溶解性,在CO_2捕集方面的应用较为广泛。基于定量结构-性质相关性(QSPR)原理提出了一种新的描述符——拓扑指数(Topological Index,TI)描述符,研究了咪唑类离子液体捕集CO_2的性能与其拓扑指数描述符之间的内在定量关系。应用遗传算法获得与捕集量最为密切相关的一组拓扑指数描述符,将其与温度和压力一起作为输入参数,分别采用多元非线性回归算法及支持向量机算法建立了咪唑类离子液体捕集CO_2性能与其拓扑指数描述符之间的非线性模型。通过多元非线性回归算法得出训练集和测试集的决定系数分别为0.771和0.754,由支持向量机算法得出训练集和测试集的决定系数分别为0.990和0.981。对预测模型进行了评价验证及稳定性分析,结果表明,两种模型均具有良好的稳定性能和预测能力。根据拓扑指数描述符所建立的预测模型为工程应用提供了一种预测咪唑类离子液体捕集CO_2性能的有效方法。